Appendix F — Glossary

(Modified on 2026-03-18)
0 words

A

• a posteriori

  • Knowledge and ideas we have after observing or experiencing the universe. See also inductive reasoning and empiricism.
  • Introduced in Epistemology > Empiricism.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology > Empiricism (3x); Epistemology > Science (3x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (2x); Explanation (1x); Constructs > Phenomena (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Probability Primer > Likelihood (1x)
• a priori

  • Knowledge and ideas we have before actually conducting research—especially before gathering data. See also deductive reasoning and rationality.
  • Introduced in Epistemology > Rationality.
  • Used in…

    Reporting Results > Statistical tests (5x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (4x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (4x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (4x); Epistemology > Rationality (3x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (3x); Epistemology > Science (2x); Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (2x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (2x); Data Analysis > Case study (2x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (2x); Reporting Results (2x); Reporting Results > Reporting (2x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (2x); Effect Size > Not P values! (2x); Power > Power Analysis (2x); Epistemology (1x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x); Explanation (1x); Explanation > Hindsight (1x); Explore Then Test (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Prioritizing Hypotheses (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Write the Paper First > 4. Clarifying the distinction between a priori and post hoc tests. (1x); Facts > Piano Keys (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Relating Variables > Beyond three dimensions (1x); Constructs (1x); Constructs > Phenomena (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (1x); Free Response > Sorting and Coding topics (1x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (1x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (1x); Factor Analysis (1x); Effect Size (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x)
• accuracy (measurement)

  • How often a measure assigns an observation to the correct level, or to a level “close” to the correct level.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measure Quality.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Measure Quality (1x)
• acquiescence bias

  • A form of demand characteristic, wherein participants simply tend to answer in the positive, without really considering the question. Related to cooperation bias.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (3x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Final Advice (1x)
• anecdote

  • A short, interesting story that illustrates an idea. Anecdotes can be useful tools for explaining and motivating ideas, but can also be misleading.
  • Introduced in Anecdotal Evidence > Stories.
  • Used in…

    Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (17x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Utility of Anecdotes (8x); Anecdotal Evidence > Stories (4x); Free Response > The Open Interview (4x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (2x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (2x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (1x)
• answer inertia

  • A tendency for human participants, if they get bored or tired, to fall into pattern of giving repetitive responses to stimuli, without much thought.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (5x)
• arithmetic mean

  • The “default” version of the mean.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mean.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Mean (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x)
• artifact

  • Something that was created by humans.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > Musical Artifacts.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (5x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (5x); Measuring Music > Musical Artifacts (3x); Measuring Humans (2x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (2x); Measuring Music > A Framework (2x); Epistephobia > Cherished beliefs (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Measuring Music > The Sound of Music (1x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (1x)
• artifactual behavior

  • Human behaviors that result in the creation of artifacts. For example, recording music, notating a score, or making notes in a journal.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (3x)
• assumption

  • A piece of knowledge that we treat as a known Truth, provisionally, in the context of our current research.
  • Introduced in Facts > Assumptions.
  • Used in…

    Facts > Assumptions (16x); Facts > Piano Keys (15x); Facts > Making Assumptions (12x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (12x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (8x); Facts > Hedging assumptions (7x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (7x); Definitions (6x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (6x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (5x); Constructs > Measure Quality (4x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (4x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (4x); Goodness-of-Fit (4x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (4x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (3x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (3x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (3x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (3x); Normal Assumptions (3x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Prioritizing Hypotheses (2x); Citation > Why do we cite? (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (2x); Samples > Sample Size (2x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (2x); Encoding Music > Case study (2x); Musical Features (2x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (2x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (2x); Describing data > Categorical data (2x); Statistics > Estimation (2x); Statistics > Assumptions (2x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (2x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (2x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (2x); Probability Primer > Independence (2x); Epistemology > Rationality (1x); Epistemology > Truth (1x); Questions and Answers > Good Questions (1x); Questions and Answers > Valid Assumptions (1x); Citation > Literature in a paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (1x); Facts (1x); Facts > Writing assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods > Validity (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (1x); Constructs (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Quantiles (1x); Random Variables > Multi-modal problems (1x); Data Independence (1x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Relative pitch (1x); Sampling Music > Sampling Criteria (1x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (1x); Describing data > Box and Violin plots (1x); Statistics (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Relationships (1x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (1x); Reporting Results > Reporting (1x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x); Effect Size > Not P values! (1x); Power > Determining Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > egocentric bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > over-generalization (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > head-in-the-sand syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > data neglect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > skills neglect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Music Theory Primer > Pitch (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• attrition bias

  • When some sampled data can “drop out” or be lost from our sample. If propensity for “dropping out” is correlated with other research variables, bias is introduced.
  • Introduced in Samples > Sampling Fallacies.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Sampling Fallacies (4x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (1x)
• audio

  • Any electrical representation of sound as a “signal”—usually, as fluctuations in electric voltage or as a series of digital samples.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts.
  • Used in…

    Musical Features > Audio Features (9x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (8x); Musical Features (6x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (5x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (3x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (3x); Research Publication (2x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (2x); Measuring Humans (2x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (2x); Experimental Stimuli (2x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (2x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (2x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (2x); Musical Features > Reliability (2x); Musical Features > Timing (2x); Musical Features > Parameterization (2x); Sampling Music (2x); Meta Data (2x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Data Independence > Sequential data (1x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Annotations (1x); Musical Features > Ease (1x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (1x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (1x); Describing data > Spot Checking (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Evaluating Fit (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x)

B

• baseline (physiological measurement)

  • When measuring human physiology, it is essential to measure a personal baseline level for each participant immediately before taking actual experimental readings. This often consists of 1–20 minutes of readings while a participant sits still and relaxes.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (2x)
• behavioral measures (human participants)

  • Measuring observable human behaviors, including static behaviors, social behaviors, and gross behaviors.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans (4x); Human Reactivity (2x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x)
• Bernoulli distribution

  • The most basic family of probability distributions over binary variables, modeling the outcome of a single draw from a binary sample space. Has one parameter \(p\), representing the probability of drawing one of the levels. A special case of the categorical distribution. The name refers to Jacob Bernoulli.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Parameterized Models.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Parameterized Models (14x); Random Variables > Count Data (1x)
• beta distribution

  • A useful probability distribution over the real numbers in the range \([0, 1]\). Has two parameters, \(\alpha\) (alpha) and \(\Beta\) (beta).
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Proportions.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Proportions (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (3x)
• bimodal (distribution)

  • If a probability distribution has two modes or two peaks in its shape.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mode.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Mode (3x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (2x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (1x)
• binomial (variable), binary variable

  • A research variable with two levels, and no other assumed mathematical structure. A special case of a categorical variable.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Parameterized Models (17x); Random Variables > Count Data (8x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (5x); Random Variables > Proportions (3x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (2x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Classification > Classification Performance (2x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (2x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (1x)
• binomial distribution

  • The most common probability distribution applied to binary variables, modeling the distribution of counts of both observed levels. Has two parameters: \(p\), representing the probability of drawing one of the levels, and \(n\), the number of draws. The binomial distribution is an extension of the Bernoulli distribution, equivalent to counting \(n\) draws from a Bernoulli variable. Also a special case of the multinomial distribution.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Parameterized Models.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Parameterized Models (9x); Random Variables > Count Data (6x); Random Variables > Proportions (3x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x)
• bits (entropy)

  • The name given to the units of entropy when calculated using base-2 logarithms. One bit is equivalent to the entropy of a fair coin toss.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Entropy units.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Entropy units (6x); Measuring Humans (1x); Free Response (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x)
• block (human participant experiment)

  • In human-participant research, repeated trials are often organized into groups called blocks—for example, four blocks of 10 trials each. Each block might be different in some way (for example, using a different level of a variable), or not; in some cases, blocks can simply be used for organization, or to allow participants to have rest in between blocks.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (13x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (6x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (2x)
• Bonferroni correction

  • The most basic approach to correcting for multiple comparisons, where we simply divide \(\alpha\) by the number of tests.
  • Introduced in Pitfalls of NHST > Independent tests.
  • Used in…

    Pitfalls of NHST > Independent tests (2x)

C

• categorical distribution

  • The most basic family of probability distributions over multinomial variables, modeling the outcome of a single draw from a multinomial sample space. Has one parameter \(p_i\) for each level in the multinomial sample space, representing the probability of drawing each level. The Bernoulli distribution is a special case.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Parameterized Models.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (8x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (7x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (6x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (5x); Random Variables > Mode (3x); Describing data > Standard Plots (3x); Describing data > Categorical data (3x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (2x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (2x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (2x); Random Variables > Entropy (2x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (2x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (2x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (2x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (2x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Encoding Music > Distance Metric (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Describing data > Two Dimensions (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Interval (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Classification (1x)
• categorical variable

  • A variable with a finite (and usually small) number of levels, with not assumed mathematical relationship between levels.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (8x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (5x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (3x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (2x); Describing data > Categorical data (2x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Describing data > Two Dimensions (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (1x)
• central limit theorem

  • One of the most fundamental theorems in statistics, which shows that (under appropriate conditions) the distribution of sample means converges to a normal distribution, even if the original population is not normally distributed. (Read more on Wikipedia > Central limit theorem.)
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit (5x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x)
• central tendency

  • A way of characterizing a probability distribution; a point that most draws tend to be close to and/or centered around. The most common example is the mean. Also known as a “location parameter.”
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (6x); Random Variables > Mean (4x); Random Variables > Mode (3x); Random Variables > Quantiles (2x); Random Variables > Multi-modal problems (1x); Describing data (1x); Statistics (1x); Statistics > Estimation (1x); Linear Models > Covariance (1x)
• cherry picking

  • Picking (sampling data points) because they fit our research narrative. Reviewers are very wary of cherry-picking.
  • Introduced in Samples > Sampling Fallacies.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Sampling Fallacies (5x)
• citation

  • A formal reference to previously published scholarship.
  • Introduced in Citation.
  • Used in…

    Citation > Why do we cite? (21x); Citation > Second-hand citations (16x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (15x); Citation > Framing citations (12x); Citation (11x); Citation > Topical citations (11x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (11x); Plain-text writing > Latex citation commands (10x); Citation > How to Cite (9x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (9x); Citation > Deceptive citations (8x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (8x); Plain-text writing > Citation (bibtex) (8x); Citation > Literature in a paper (7x); Writing Best Practices > Citation and References (7x); Scholarly Literature > Full Reading (6x); Writing Best Practices > Narrative citation (5x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (4x); Writing Best Practices > Parenthetical citation (4x); Scholarly Literature (3x); Definitions > Citation (3x); Citation > Mantras (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (2x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (2x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (2x); Writing Best Practices > Citation placement (2x); Epistemology > Science (1x); Questions and Answers > Interest (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Facts > Making Assumptions (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (1x); Definitions (1x); Definitions > Audience (1x); Random Variables > Entropy (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Instruments (1x); Free Response (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ipse dixit (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (1x)
• cluster sampling

  • An approach to sampling, where we sample “clusters” of data points as groups. For example, songs are “clustered” on albums. This can be problematic because the data points are not independent.
  • Introduced in Data Independence.
  • Used in…

    Data Independence (7x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (1x)
• coding scheme, coding protocol

  • A process for annotating and organizing qualitative data. A measurement protocol.
  • Introduced in Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative.
  • Used in…

    Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (13x); Free Response > Sorting and Coding topics (9x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (8x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (6x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (5x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (5x); Plain-text writing (4x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (3x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (3x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (3x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (3x); Musical Features (3x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (2x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (2x); Encoding Music > Relative pitch (2x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Definitions > Example (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Samples > Sampling Methods (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (1x); Data Independence (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Encoding Music > Case study (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (1x); Encoding Music > Meter (1x); Musical Features > Reliability (1x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (1x); Musical Features > Audio Features (1x); Musical Features > Parameterization (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x)
• coefficient of determination (\(R^2\))

  • The proportion of variance in data which is “explained” (reduced) by fitting additional parameters to the model. A number between 0 and 1.
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (8x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (2x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (2x)
• concealment (in research design)

  • Observing participants’ behaviors without being observed by the participants. An approach to avoiding measurement reactivity.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Concealment.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Concealment (5x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x)
• concurrent validity

  • Does an operational measure correlate with measures of different, but related, constructs? An aspect of construct validity.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Assessing Validity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Assessing Validity (3x)
• condition (experimental)

  • A particular combination of levels of the independent variables in an experiment.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (7x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (4x); Probability Primer > Probability of multiple variables (4x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (3x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (3x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (3x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (3x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #7: Compare Actual Observations with Control Observations (3x); Relating Variables > Interactions (2x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (2x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (2x); Reporting Results > Data Description (2x); Probability Primer > Important rules! (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (1x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Experimental Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Final Advice (1x)
• confidence interval

  • The interquantile range of a sampling distribution. The most common is the 95% confidence interval, which is expected to contain the distribution mean in 95% of the time.
  • Introduced in Statistics > Confidence.
  • Used in…

    Statistics > Confidence (7x); Reporting Results > Graphs (4x); Describing data > Categorical X Interval (1x); Statistics > Sample Size (1x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x)
• confirmation bias

  • The greatest danger to human knowledge; our overwhelming tendency to believe that we want to believe—to favor knowledge that matches our beliefs. Also a problem if we only sample data that matches our beliefs.
  • Introduced in Epistemology > Error.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology > Error (3x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (2x); Explanation (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x)
• confounding variable, confound

  • A covariate which could be an alternative causal explanation for changes in your dependent variable(s), and thus invalidates your claims.
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control > Confounding variables.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (12x); Final Advice (4x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (3x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (2x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (2x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (2x); Scientific Methods > Validity (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Blind procedures (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Effect Size (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sampling bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > history effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > premature reduction (1x)
• confusion matrix

  • A representation of error in categorical variables: A table with rows indicating “correct” levels and columns indicating measured levels (or vice versa), and with counts in each cell indicating the number of observations measured.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Categorical error.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (6x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x)
• construct validity

  • Whether the theoretical constructs and associated operational definitions used in a research inquiry are consistent with each other, and are good enough models of reality that studying them will result in useful knowledge.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Construct Validity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Assessing Validity (9x); Constructs > Construct Validity (4x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Scientific Methods > Validity (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Measuring Humans (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x); Musical Features > Reliability (1x); Musical Features > Parameterization (1x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Linear Models (1x)
• continuous response

  • An approach to measuring dynamic musical experiences by measuring participant responses continuously, in real-time, while listening to music.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Timeline.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Timeline (5x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x)
• continuous variable, continuous number

  • An infinite numeric set, where any two numbers can always have another number between them. In reality, many theoretically continuous variables are actually discretized by their operational definition.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous (7x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (6x); Encoding Music (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (3x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (2x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (2x); Describing data (2x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (2x); Linear Models > Linear regression (2x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (2x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (2x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (2x); Relating Variables > Interactions (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Random Variables > Entropy (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Free Response (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (1x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Relationships (1x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x); Classification (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x); Probability Primer > Basic properties (1x)
• control group

  • A randomly or systematically selected sample of data (typically, experimental participants) which is assigned to the “none” level of the main independent variable(s). The subset assigned to control should (on average) be identical to the subset assigned to the other (treatment) levels of the independent variable(s).
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control > Control groups.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control > Control groups (6x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (2x); Blind procedures (2x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > control failure (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > regression artifacts (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > testing effect (1x)
• convenience sampling

  • A sample of data that we use because it is convenient, not necessarily because it is an ideal sample. Always own when you are sampling based on convenience!
  • Introduced in Samples > Convenience.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Convenience (9x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (1x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Sampling Music (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x)
• convergent validity

  • Does an operational measure correlate with other measures of the construct? An aspect of construct validity.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Assessing Validity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Assessing Validity (3x); Self Report > Converging Questions (1x)
• cooperation bias

  • A form of demand characteristic wherein participants respond in ways that they believe will help the researcher—for example, by showing them results that (they think) the researcher wants to find.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (6x); Final Advice (1x)
• correlation

  • An observed relationship between two variables—changes in one variable tend to be matched by changes in the other variable (and vice versa). In research, usually refers to measures of the linear correlation between random variables, in particular Pearson’s r.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Correlation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Correlation (14x); Relating Variables (13x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (11x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (5x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (5x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (5x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (4x); Linear Models > Standardization (4x); Effect Size (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (4x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (3x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (3x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (3x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (3x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (2x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (2x); Relating Variables > Direction (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (1x); Relating Variables > Beyond three dimensions (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Anscombe’s Quartet (1x); Describing data > Effect Size and Direction (1x); Describing data > A story (1x); Linear Models (1x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Model Summary: (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (1x); Reporting Results > Reporting (1x); Factor Analysis (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (1x)
• correlational study

  • See observational study.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Types of Studies.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (3x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x)
• count data, counts

  • A common form of data, corresponding to the number of times a particular phenomenon occurs. Mathematically represented by the set of natural numbers \(\mathbb{N}\).
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (6x); Random Variables > Count Data (5x); Describing data > Categorical data (4x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (3x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (3x); Explanation (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (1x); Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (1x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (1x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (1x); Blind procedures (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x)
• covariate

  • Any variables that might correlate with our independent or dependent variables but which are not pertinent to our research questions or goals.
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control (12x); Covariates and Control > Control (9x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (7x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (6x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (6x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (3x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (2x); Constructs > Error (2x); Random Variables (2x); Measuring Humans (2x); Blind procedures (2x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (1x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Experimental Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (1x); Meta Data (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x)
• covariation

  • This term is essentially synonymous with correlation in general. However, in statistics, “covariance” usually refers to the non-normalized version of correlation.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Correlation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Correlation (3x); Relating Variables (1x)
• crossed (variables)

  • When all the combinations of the levels of two variables are used in an inquiry, the variables are crossed.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (16x); Musical Features > Timing (4x); Samples > Stratified Samples (3x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (3x); Covariates and Control > Control (2x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (2x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > universalist phobia (2x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (1x); Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Creating New Hypotheses (1x); Scholarly Literature (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (1x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (1x); Relating Variables > Interactions (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Definitions > Audience (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Self Report > Priming (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Measuring Music > A Copyright Story (1x); Musical Features > Audio Features (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x); Sampling Music > Great Music (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Describing data > Categorical data (1x); Describing data > Axes (1x); Statistics > US Counties (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Classification > ROC/AUC (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Effect Size > Interpretation (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cultural bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Probability Primer > Basic properties (1x)

D

• data

  • Formally recorded measurements, used as the basis of research claims. The heart of empiricism.
  • Introduced in Data Analysis.
  • Used in…

    Data Independence (29x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (17x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (16x); Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (15x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (15x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (14x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (13x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (13x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (13x); Describing data (13x); Describing data > Numeric data (13x); Describing data > Show everything (13x); Goodness-of-Fit (13x); Meta Data (12x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (12x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (12x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (11x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (11x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (11x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (10x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (10x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (10x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (9x); Statistics (9x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (9x); Pitfalls of NHST (9x); Reporting Results > Data Description (8x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (8x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (7x); Samples > Convenience (7x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (7x); Data Independence > Sample size (7x); Data Independence > Avoiding Sticky Data (7x); Data Analysis (7x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (7x); Describing data > Best practices (7x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (7x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (6x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (6x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Describe the data (6x); Self Report > Scales (6x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (6x); Describing data > Spot Checking (6x); Describing data > Visualization (6x); Describing data > Get the Gist (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (6x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (6x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (6x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (6x); Explanation > Exploration (5x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (5x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (5x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (5x); Random Variables > Mean (5x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (5x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (5x); Describing data > Categorical data (5x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (5x); Effect Size (5x); Effect Size > Error (5x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (5x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (5x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (4x); Write the Paper First > 4. Clarifying the distinction between a priori and post hoc tests. (4x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (4x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (4x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (4x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (4x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (4x); Meta Data > Formatting (4x); Describing data > A story (4x); Statistics > Assumptions (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (4x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (4x); Probability Primer > Independence (4x); Epistemology > Science (3x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (3x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (3x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (3x); Samples > Sampling Methods (3x); Samples > Sample Size (3x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (3x); Random Variables > Count Data (3x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (3x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (3x); Working with Human Participants (3x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (3x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (3x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (3x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (3x); Meta Data > Descriptive (3x); Meta Data > Best Practices (3x); Describing data > Anscombe’s Quartet (3x); Describing data > Axes (3x); Statistics > Estimation (3x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (3x); Linear Models > Interpretation (3x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (3x); Reporting Results > Graphs (3x); Reporting Results > Post-hoc concerns (3x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (3x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (3x); Factor Analysis (3x); Effect Size > Sample Size (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > post-hoc hypothesis (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sensitivity syndrome (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > double-use data (3x); Epistemology > Empiricism (2x); Epistemology > Error (2x); Prediction > Hypotheses (2x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (2x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (2x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (2x); Write the Paper First > 3. Increasing the likelihood of publishing negative results. (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); Scientific Methods > Observation (2x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (2x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (2x); Constructs > Error (2x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (2x); Samples > The “population” (2x); Samples > Defining a population (2x); Samples > Stratified Samples (2x); Random Variables > Quantiles (2x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (2x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (2x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (2x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (2x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (2x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (2x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (2x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Familiarity (2x); Human-Research Ethics (2x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (2x); Encoding Music > Relative pitch (2x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (2x); Sampling Music (2x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (2x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (2x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (2x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Evaluating Fit (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (2x); Reporting Results > Data Cleaning/Transformation (2x); Reporting Results > Reporting (2x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (2x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (2x); Power > Power Analysis (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > overfitting (2x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Epistemology > Rationality (1x); Prediction > Failure (1x); Explanation (1x); Explanation > Hindsight (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Citation > Framing citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (1x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (1x); Relating Variables > Beyond three dimensions (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Constructs > Construct Validity (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Samples > Sampling Error (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (1x); Random Variables > Randomization (1x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Data Independence > Sequential data (1x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Social Behaviors (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Self Report > Converging Questions (1x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (1x); Free Response (1x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Preparation (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (1x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (1x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Musical Features > Ease (1x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (1x); Sampling Music > Sampling Criteria (1x); Sampling Music > Great Music (1x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (1x); Meta Data > Errors (1x); Meta Data > Filenames (1x); Data Analysis > Case study (1x); Describing data > Standard Plots (1x); Describing data > Two Dimensions (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Significance (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Classification (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (1x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (1x); Effect Size > Interpretation (1x); Effect Size > Not P values! (1x); Power > Determining Power (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > hindsight bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > head-in-the-sand syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > data neglect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > homogeneity bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x); Probability Primer > Likelihood (1x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (1x)
• DAW

  • Digital audio workstation.
  • Introduced in Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli.
  • Used in…

    Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (6x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x)
• deductive reasoning, deduction

  • Creating or justifying knowledge through pure, “top-down” rational thought; See a priori. (Read more on Wikepedia.)
  • Introduced in Epistemology.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology > Science (2x); Epistemology (1x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x)
• degrees of freedom (DF)

  • Roughly speaking, the effective “true sample size” when accounting for over fitting due to dependence between parameters.
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom.
  • Used in…

    Reporting Results > More About Reporting (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (7x); Reporting Results > Reporting (6x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (6x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (5x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (3x); Definitions > Acronyms (2x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (2x); Data Independence > Sample size (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Constructs (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Bell shapes (1x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Instruments > Musical “Instruments” (1x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (1x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (1x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (1x)
• demand characteristics

  • A form of measurement reactivity, where participants react to what they believe the research goals, theories, hypotheses, or assumptions are. A major danger in psychology research.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (8x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (4x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (4x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (3x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (2x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (2x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Human Reactivity (1x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Final Advice (1x)
• dependent data (sampling)

  • When individual data points can be predicted (in part) from other data points. Usually caused by cluster sampling. Ideally we want independent data.
  • Introduced in Data Independence.
  • Used in…

    Data Independence (6x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (1x); Data Independence > Sample size (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x); Power > Power Analysis (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x)
• dependent variable

  • Abbreviated DV. In a true experiment, a research variable which “depends on” (is affected by) other (independent) variables, which are manipulated by the experimenter. The term is often used generically for any variable that is the target of a prediction.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (11x); Covariates and Control (5x); Relating Variables (3x); Covariates and Control > Control (3x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (2x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (2x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (2x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (2x); Linear Models > Interpretation (2x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (2x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (1x); Definitions (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (1x); Meta Data (1x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Linear Models > Linear regression (1x); Linear Models > Scale (1x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Normal Assumptions > Ordinal Categories (1x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• descriptive analysis: analy

  • Describing specific observed phenomenon (data).
  • Introduced in Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis.
  • Used in…

    (x)
• descriptive statistic

  • A statistic used to convey information about the sample it is calculated from, without any claim at generalization beyond the sample.
  • Introduced in Statistics.
  • Used in…

    Statistics (4x); Linear Models > Covariance (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Describing data > Visualization (1x); Describing data > Anscombe’s Quartet (1x); Reporting Results (1x)
• digital audio workstation, DAW

  • Software for music production, including features for recording, editing, mixing, and processing audio. For example, REAPER, ProTools, and Cubase.
  • Introduced in Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli.
  • Used in…

    Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (9x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x)
• Dirichlet distribution

  • A distribution over multinomial probability distributions, extending the beta distribution. The name refers to Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Proportions.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Proportions (5x)
• discrete variable, discrete number

  • A (finite or infinite) numeric set, where pairs of successive numbers have no other numbers between them.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous (6x); Constructs (3x); Encoding Music (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (3x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (2x); Definitions > Acronyms (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (1x); Random Variables > Count Data (1x); Random Variables > Quantiles (1x); Random Variables > Entropy (1x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Describing data (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x)
• discriminant validity

  • Does an operational measure not correlate with measures it shouldn’t correlate with? An aspect of construct validity.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Assessing Validity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Assessing Validity (3x)
• dispersion (of distribution)

  • A way of characterizing a probability distribution, telling us how “spread out” values are around the center of the distribution (central tendency). Also referred to as “variability” or “spread.” The most important example of a dispersion statistic is the variance.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Mean (1x)
• distance metric

  • A formal definition of the “distance” between any two levels of a (numeric) variable. Read more here.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (9x); Encoding Music > Distance Metric (2x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (1x)
• dits

  • The name given to the units entropy when calculated using base-10 (decimal) logarithms. Also called “hartleys.”
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Entropy units.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Entropy units (5x); Samples > Sampling Error (1x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Meta Data > Errors (1x); Data Analysis > Case study (1x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (1x)
• double-use data

  • When the same data used to generate a theory is used to test the theory. This is a bad practice that leads to circular reasoning and overfitting.
  • Introduced in Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data.
  • Used in…

    Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (1x)
• DV

  • Abbreviation for dependent variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Sixty-Three Potholes > hypocrisy (5x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (4x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (3x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (3x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (3x); Free Response > Interviews (3x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (3x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (2x); Facts > Piano Keys (2x); Constructs > Reactivity (2x); Blind procedures (2x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (2x); Free Response > Interview Advice (2x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (2x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (2x); Measuring Music > A Copyright Story (2x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (2x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (2x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > hindsight bias (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > presumptive representation (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > shifting population problem (2x); Writing Best Practices (2x); Epistemology > Error (1x); Questions and Answers > Well Informed (1x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Explanation (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (1x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Creating New Hypotheses (1x); Citation > Framing citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Scholarly Literature > Full Reading (1x); Research Publication (1x); Research Publication > Peer review (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (1x); Write the Paper First > 4. Clarifying the distinction between a priori and post hoc tests. (1x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (1x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > Stories (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Definitions > Misuse of jargon (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Random Variables > Count Data (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Self Report (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Describing data > Categorical data (1x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x); Linear Models (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (1x); Effect Size > Sample Size (1x); Power (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad hominem argument (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > discovery fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ipse dixit (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad baculum argument (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > egocentric bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cultural bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cultural ignorance (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > over-generalization (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > inertia fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > relativist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > universalist phobia (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > confirmation bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > unfalsifiable hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > post-hoc hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad-hoc hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sensitivity syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > bottom-drawer effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > head-in-the-sand syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > data neglect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > double-use data (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > skills neglect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > control failure (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > reification (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > validity problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of ecological validity (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > naturalist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > exclusion problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > contradiction blindness (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > overfitting (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > magnitude blindness (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > regression artifacts (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ceiling effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > floor effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sampling bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > homogeneity bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > reactivity problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > history effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > maturation confounds (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > testing effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > carry-over effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > mortality problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > premature reduction (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > spelunking (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > instrument decay (1x); Writing Best Practices > Adjectives (1x); Plain-text writing (1x)

E

• ecological validity

  • The extent to which research claims can be generalized out of an artificial, laboratory setting to people in their natural environment. Often used in the context of using “real” music instead of artificially generated stimuli in human-participant experiments. An aspect of external validity.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Observation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Observation (4x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (2x); Free Response > Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Experimental Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Musical Features > Reliability (1x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (1x)
• EDR

  • Electro-dermal activity. See galvanic skin response.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (3x)
• EEG

  • Electroencephalography.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (12x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (5x); Human Reactivity > Deception (2x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Human Reactivity (1x)
• effect

  • The causal influence of one research variable on another—often used to refer to non-causal (correlational) relationships as well.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Effect size.
  • Used in…

    Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (22x); Effect Size (21x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (17x); Covariates and Control > Control (13x); Relating Variables > Interactions (11x); Effect Size > Sample Size (11x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (11x); Effect Size > Error (10x); Data Independence > Sample size (8x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (8x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (8x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (8x); Final Advice (8x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (7x); Effect Size > Not P values! (7x); Power > Power Analysis (7x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (6x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (6x); Effect Size > Reporting Effect Size (6x); Covariates and Control (5x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (5x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (5x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (4x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (4x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (4x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (4x); Power > Determining Power (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (4x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (3x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (3x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (3x); Random Variables (3x); Describing data > Effect Size and Direction (3x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (3x); Explanation > Hindsight (2x); Citation > Why do we cite? (2x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (2x); Anecdotal Evidence > Stories (2x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (2x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (2x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (2x); Self Report > Scales (2x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (2x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (2x); Describing data > Two Dimensions (2x); Describing data > A story (2x); Describing data > Show everything (2x); Linear Models > Linear regression (2x); Linear Models > Multiple regression (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (2x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #7: Compare Actual Observations with Control Observations (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (2x); Statistical Tests > T-test (2x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (2x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (2x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Prediction > Luck (1x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Citation (1x); Citation > Quotations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Research Publication (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Independent section? (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (1x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (1x); Covariates and Control > Epistephobia (1x); Definitions (1x); Constructs > Error (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Samples > Sample Size (1x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (1x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Blind procedures (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Loudness (1x); Measuring Music > A Copyright Story (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x); Musical Features > Parameterization (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Categorical data (1x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Describing data > Axes (1x); Statistics > Assumptions (1x); Regression to the Mean (1x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Graphs (1x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sensitivity syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > magnitude blindness (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ceiling effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > floor effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > carry-over effect (1x); Statistical Tests > Non-linear effects (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (1x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (1x)
• effect size

  • The magnitude of a relationship between research variables.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Effect size.
  • Used in…

    Effect Size > Error (9x); Effect Size (8x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (7x); Final Advice (6x); Effect Size > Not P values! (5x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (4x); Effect Size > Reporting Effect Size (4x); Effect Size > Sample Size (4x); Describing data > Effect Size and Direction (3x); Power > Determining Power (3x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (2x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (2x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (2x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (2x); Power > Power Analysis (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Axes (1x); Describing data > Show everything (1x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Graphs (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sensitivity syndrome (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (1x)
• effective sample size

  • When individual data points are dependent (correlated), the effective sample size (main for statistical purposes) can be smaller than the apparent sample size. Closely related to the degrees of freedom.
  • Introduced in Data Independence > Sample size.
  • Used in…

    Data Independence > Sample size (7x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (2x); Statistics > Assumptions (1x)
• electro-dermal activity

  • See galvanic skin response, which is a synonym.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (4x)
• electroencephalography (EEG)

  • A technique for measuring gross neural activity, in particular neural oscillations (brain waves), by measuring voltage differences across different locations on the scalp.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (17x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (5x); Human Reactivity > Deception (2x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Human Reactivity (1x)
• electromyography (EMG)

  • A physiological measure, measuring small electrical potentials in subdermal musculature.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (14x)
• EMG

  • Electromyography.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (10x)
• emic (viewpoint)

  • The “insider” perspective and understanding of people who are members of a culture, subculture, or other social group. As opposed to etic.
  • Introduced in Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (6x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (2x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (2x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Case study (1x)
• empiricism

  • The epistemological justification of knowledge based on observation and evidence. (Read more on Wikipedia.)
  • Introduced in Epistemology > Empiricism.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology > Empiricism (9x); Epistemology > The Problem of Induction (3x); Epistemology > Science (3x); Epistemology > Error (3x); Grandmother Research > Finding the Obvious (3x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (3x); Epistemology (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (2x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Utility of Anecdotes (2x); Scientific Methods > Observation (2x); The Null Hypothesis (2x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (2x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (2x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (2x); Data Analysis (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #3: Make a Prediction (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (2x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (1x); Questions and Answers > Description (1x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x); Explanation > Hindsight (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Citation > Deceptive citations (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Helping Readers (1x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (1x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (1x); Reporting Results > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #2: Research Invites Failure (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #7: Compare Actual Observations with Control Observations (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (1x); Writing Best Practices (1x); Writing Best Practices > Tentative language (1x)
• entropy (Shannon, information)

  • A general-purpose measure of the dispersion of a probability distribution, which indicates how “surprising” (improbable) a random variable is on average. Can be applied to categorical, discrete, and numeric distributions equally. A fundamental concept in information theory.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Entropy.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Entropy (20x); Random Variables > Entropy units (16x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x)
• epistemology

  • The philosophical study of knowledge, including topics like “truth” and the justification of belief. (Read more on Wikipedia > Epistemology.)
  • Introduced in Epistemology.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology (6x); Epistemology > Empiricism (3x); Epistemology > Truth (2x); Scientific Rhetoric (2x); Facts (2x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (1x); Epistemology > Mantras (1x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (1x); Research Publication > Mantras (1x); The Null Hypothesis (1x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (1x)
• epistephobia

  • The fear of knowledge. Do you really want to know the truth about music?
  • Introduced in Epistephobia.
  • Used in…

    Epistephobia (3x); Epistephobia > Cherished beliefs (1x); Covariates and Control > Epistephobia (1x)
• ERP

  • Event-related potentials.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (8x)
• error function

  • A function that summarizes a model’s residual error. Synonymous with “loss function” and “objective function.”
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x)
• estimate (statistical)

  • In the context of data analysis, (inferential) statistics calculated from a sample of data are considered “estimates” of a “true,” real-world population parameter.
  • Introduced in Statistics.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (8x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (7x); Statistics (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (5x); Linear Models > Interpretation (4x); Statistics > Estimation (3x); Statistics > US Counties (3x); Linear Models > Scale (3x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (3x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (3x); Samples (2x); Samples > Sampling Error (2x); Data Independence > Sequential data (2x); Musical Features > Windows (2x); Goodness-of-Fit (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (2x); Effect Size (2x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (2x); Power > Power Analysis (2x); Epistemology > Error (1x); Explanation > Hindsight (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Recruitment (1x); Describing data > Spot Checking (1x); Statistics > Notation (1x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Linear Models (1x); Linear Models > Standardization (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Evaluating Fit (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (1x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Normal Assumptions > Ordinal Categories (1x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Effect Size > Not P values! (1x); Power > Determining Power (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sensitivity syndrome (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (1x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (1x); Writing Best Practices > Dashes (1x)
• etic (viewpoint)

  • An “outsider” perspective or understanding of a culture, subculture, or other social group. As opposed to emic.
  • Introduced in Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (4x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (3x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x)
• event-related potentials (ERPS)

  • Measured changes in neural activity in response to specific perceived events, measured using electroencephalography (EEG).
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (12x)
• expected value

  • A term in statistics used to describe the arithmetic mean of a random variable. If \(X\) is a random variable, the expected value can be notated \(E[X]\) or \(E(X)\).
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mean.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Mean (6x); Random Variables > Symmetry (1x); Statistics (1x); Statistics > Estimation (1x)
• experiment

  • Scientific inquiries are often referred to generically as “experiments”—however, there is a specific technical meaning to the word (see “true experiment”).
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Manipulation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (36x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (22x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (15x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (14x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (11x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (9x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (9x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (7x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (7x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (6x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (6x); Blind procedures (6x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (6x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (6x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (6x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (6x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (5x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (5x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (5x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (4x); Working with Human Participants > Preparation (4x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (4x); Working with Human Participants > Don’t hover (4x); Grandmother Research > Finding the Obvious (3x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (3x); Citation > How to Cite (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (3x); Scientific Methods (3x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (3x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (3x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (3x); Relating Variables > Interactions (3x); Covariates and Control > Control (3x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (3x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (3x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (3x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (3x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (3x); Reporting Results > Data Description (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of ecological validity (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > maturation confounds (3x); Grandmother Research > Examples (2x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Prioritizing Hypotheses (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (2x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (2x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (2x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (2x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (2x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (2x); Free Response > The Open Interview (2x); Free Response > Hierarchies (2x); Working with Human Participants (2x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (2x); Experimental Stimuli (2x); Reporting Results (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cultural bias (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > regression artifacts (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > history effect (2x); Epistemology > Empiricism (1x); Epistemology > Science (1x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Scholarly Literature (1x); Research Publication > Revisions and Response (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Relating Variables (1x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Samples > Matched Samples (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Random Variables (1x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (1x); Human Reactivity (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Meta Data > Formatting (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x); Reporting Results > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (1x); Power (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > discovery fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > egocentric bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cultural ignorance (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > over-generalization (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > universalist phobia (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad-hoc hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > bottom-drawer effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > head-in-the-sand syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > control failure (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ceiling effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > floor effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > homogeneity bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > premature reduction (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > reliability problem (1x); Final Advice (1x); Statistical Tests (1x)
• experimental interface

  • A computer-based interface used to gather data from human-participants by (repeatedly) presenting instructions and stimuli and then measuring participants’ responses.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (8x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (3x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (2x); Research Publication (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Working with Human Participants > Standard Protocols (1x); Working with Human Participants > Preparation (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (1x); Reporting Results > Data Description (1x)
• experimental procedure

  • See procedure.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (22x); Constructs > Measurement (6x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (6x); Pitfalls of NHST (6x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (4x); Scientific Methods (4x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (4x); Samples > Sampling Methods (3x); Blind procedures (3x); Constructs > Human Judgement (2x); Samples > Sampling Error (2x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (2x); Effect Size > Not P values! (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Describe the data (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Constructs > Error (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Data Independence (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Preparation (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Power > Statistical Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• experimental protocol

  • See procedure.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (30x); Constructs > Measurement (12x); Pitfalls of NHST (7x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (6x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (6x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (4x); Scientific Methods (4x); Constructs > Human Judgement (4x); Measuring Humans (4x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (4x); Samples > Sampling Methods (3x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (3x); Blind procedures (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (2x); Samples > Sampling Error (2x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (2x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (2x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (2x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (2x); Working with Human Participants (2x); Working with Human Participants > Standard Protocols (2x); Effect Size > Not P values! (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (2x); Scholarly Literature (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Describe the data (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Constructs > Error (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Data Independence (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Preparation (1x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (1x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Power > Statistical Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• expert (informant)

  • Someone with an unusually high level expertise or advanced knowledge related a research topic. Experts can be valuable resources for qualitative data (as interviewees) or quantitative data (as experimental participants, independent raters, or data annotators).
  • Introduced in Free Response > Recruiting Participants.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Human Judgement (7x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (7x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (5x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (4x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (3x); Self Report > Question Wording (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (3x); Research Publication > Who (2x); Definitions (2x); Constructs > Measure Quality (2x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (2x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (2x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (2x); Epistemology > Error (1x); Scientific Rhetoric > Audience of Peers (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Free Response > Markers (1x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (1x); Sampling Music > Great Music (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ipse dixit (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x)
• explained variable

  • A general term for a variable that is predicted from or explained by other variables. The pairing explanatory/explained variable is synonymous with the pairing independent/dependent variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (5x)
• explanatory variable

  • A general term for a variable that is used to predict or explain other variables. The pairing explanatory/explained variable is synonymous with the pairing independent/dependent variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x)
• exploratory experiment

  • A rare form of exploratory research inquiry, wherein researchers manipulate variables and observe effects without an a priori hypothesis about the outcome.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Types of Studies.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (5x)
• exposure (human-participant)

  • The part of a human-participant research trial where the participant is exposed to some kind of stimuli—for example, listening to a piece of music.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Timeline (6x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (5x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x)
• external validity

  • Whether conclusions based on a single inquiry, studying a single sample of music can be generalized to the larger world.
  • Introduced in Samples.
  • Used in…

    Samples (4x); Scientific Methods > Observation (2x); Scientific Methods > Validity (1x); Sampling Music (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x)
• extraneous variable

  • See covariate.
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control (3x)

F

• face validity

  • Does a construct or operational measure seem intuitively valid, “at face value”? An aspect of construct validity.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Assessing Validity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Assessing Validity (3x)
• fact

  • Something known with certainty. Good scientists remember that there are no facts, only assumptions.
  • Introduced in Facts.
  • Used in…

    Factor Analysis (37x); Facts (12x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (8x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (7x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (7x); Facts > Piano Keys (5x); Anecdotal Evidence > Stories (5x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (5x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (5x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (5x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (5x); Citation > Why do we cite? (4x); Facts > Assumptions (4x); Measuring Humans (4x); Facts > Writing assumptions (3x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (3x); Measuring Music > Musical Artifacts (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (3x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (2x); Epistephobia > Cherished beliefs (2x); Prediction > Luck (2x); Explanation > Exploration (2x); Citation > Quotations (2x); Citation > Literature in a paper (2x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (2x); Relating Variables > Interactions (2x); Definitions (2x); Reductionism > Methodological Reductionism (2x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (2x); Free Response > The Open Interview (2x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (2x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (2x); Measuring Music > A Framework (2x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (2x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (2x); Goodness-of-Fit (2x); Final Advice (2x); Epistemology > Empiricism (1x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (1x); Epistemology > Truth (1x); Questions and Answers > Description (1x); Questions and Answers > Originality (1x); Grandmother Research > Mantras (1x); Epistephobia (1x); Prediction > Knowledge (1x); Explanation (1x); Explanation > Hindsight (1x); Citation > How to Cite (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Facts > Hedging assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Definitions > Audience (1x); Constructs (1x); Samples (1x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Random Variables > Proportions (1x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (1x); Data Independence > Sample size (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Loudness (1x); Measuring Music > The Sound of Music (1x); Encoding Music > Case study (1x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (1x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (1x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (1x); Describing data > Visualization (1x); Describing data > Two Dimensions (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistics > Sample Size (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Regression to the Mean (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x); Linear Models > Covariance (1x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (1x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Effect Size > Interpretation (1x); Effect Size > Sample Size (1x); Effect Size > Not P values! (1x); Power > Determining Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > magnitude blindness (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (1x); Writing Best Practices > Tentative language (1x)
• factorial design

  • When all the levels of two or more independent variables are crossed, resulting in every combination of levels. The number of resulting conditions is described as a product, like \(2 \times 2\), \(3 \times 5 \times 2\), etc.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (5x); Relating Variables > Interactions (1x)
• family-wise error rate

  • The proportion of the time where at least one out of a set of tests is in error.
  • Introduced in Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons.
  • Used in…

    Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (4x); Reporting Results > Post-hoc concerns (1x)
• fMRI

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (4x)
• freelisting

  • An exploratory research method, where knowledgable participants are asked to freely list all the relevant elements they can think of that relate to the research topic. For example, they might be asked to list all the emotions they feel when listening to music.
  • Introduced in Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (14x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (2x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x)
• frequentist statistics

  • The branch of statistics that is most commonly used in experimental research, based on “frequentist” view of probability. The term “frequentist statistics” is only used in contrast with “Bayesian statistics”—the vast majority of the time “frequentist statistics” are just called “statistics.”
  • Introduced in Null Hypothesis Significance Testing.
  • Used in…

    Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (5x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x)
• frisson

  • The experience of feeling “chills” or “shivers down your spine,” especially in response to aesthetic stimuli (like music). Associated with, but distinct from, piloerection. The term comes from the French word for “shiver.”
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (5x)
• functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

  • A technique for measuring blood flow between different parts of the brain, in three dimensions. A special version of magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (22x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (8x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (1x)

G

• galvanic skin response (GSR)

  • A cheap and simple physiological measure, which measures the varying amount of sweat on a person’s skin (topical) using two electrodes. Can be used as an operational measure of a person’s dynamic physical state, particularly related to feelings of nervousness, tension, and arousal in general.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (10x); Human Reactivity (1x)
• Gaussian distribution

  • See normal distribution. This name refers Carl Friedrich Gauss.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Normal Distribution.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Normal Distribution (3x)
• generalization

  • Extrapolating from observations (induction) to form general theoretical principles that can be applied to other situations (deduction).
  • Introduced in Generalization.
  • Used in…

    Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (14x); Generalization (4x); Epistemology > The Problem of Induction (2x); Questions and Answers > Description (2x); Samples (2x); Samples > Defining a population (2x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (2x); Random Variables > Count Data (2x); Plain-text writing > Latex citation commands (2x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Explanation > Exploration (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Definitions > Scope (1x); Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (1x); Generalization > Mantras (1x); Samples > Sampling Error (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Sampling Music (1x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (1x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Describing data > Get the Gist (1x); Statistics (1x); Statistics > US Counties (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > over-generalization (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > spelunking (1x)
• gross behaviors

  • Physical, mechanical behaviors that involve movement and actions that can be externally observed. For example, walking, tapping one’s foot, or playing guitar.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (9x); Measuring Humans > Social Behaviors (4x); Measuring Humans (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x)
• GSR

  • Galvanic skin response.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (4x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Human Reactivity (2x)

H

• \(H_0\), H0

  • Notation for the null hypothesis of an inquiry or analysis.
  • Introduced in The Null Hypothesis.
  • Used in…

    The Null Hypothesis (8x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (4x); Statistics > US Counties (1x); Linear Models > Linear regression (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpretating NHST (1x)
• “hard” sciences

  • Scientific fields that the study the behaviors of relatively simple phenomena, like planetary bodies, particles, and molecules (typically in simple, constrained scenarios). Because the research constructs studied are simple, all (or nearly all) relevant covariates can be controlled, and measurements and predictive models can thus be extremely reliable and precise. There also tends to be few emotional, cultural, and social attachments to the research constructs, so there is little danger from human biases. As a result, research claims can seem objective and relatively “concrete,” or “hard”.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans (2x)
• hartleys

  • A name given to the units entropy when calculated using base-10 (decimal) logarithms. The name refers to Ralph Hartley. Also called dits.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Entropy units.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Entropy units (5x)
• hertz, Hz, \(_{Hz}\)

  • The standard unit of frequency; equivalent to cycles-per-second (CPS). The name refers to Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.
  • Introduced in Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Linearity (23x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (13x); Encoding Music > Chroma (4x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (3x); Encoding Music > Relative pitch (2x); Definitions > Acronyms (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (1x); Reporting Results > Data Cleaning/Transformation (1x)
• holism

  • The philosophical perspective, often contrasted with philosophical reductionism, that real-world phenomena are greater than the sum of their parts, and can only be understood as a whole.
  • Introduced in Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism.
  • Used in…

    Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (7x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Mutual Disregard (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x)
• human research participants

  • People who volunteer to participate in research in manner, particularly by providing data.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (28x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (28x); Self Report > Question Wording (18x); Working with Human Participants (17x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (17x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (17x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (17x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (16x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (15x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (12x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (12x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (11x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (11x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (10x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (10x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (10x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (10x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (9x); Working with Human Participants > Time (9x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (9x); Working with Human Participants > Don’t hover (9x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (8x); Self Report > Scales (8x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (8x); Human-Research Ethics (8x); Blind procedures (7x); Free Response (7x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (7x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (6x); Constructs > Construct Validity (6x); Human Reactivity > Deception (6x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (6x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (5x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (5x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (5x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (5x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (5x); Experimental Stimuli (5x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (4x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (4x); Measuring Humans (4x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (4x); Human Reactivity (4x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (4x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (4x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (4x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (4x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (3x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (3x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (3x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (3x); Constructs > Reactivity (3x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (3x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (3x); Self Report (3x); Instruments (3x); Free Response > The Open Interview (3x); Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (3x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Familiarity (3x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (3x); Reporting Results > Data Description (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (2x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (2x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (2x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (2x); Data Independence (2x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (2x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (2x); Self Report > Priming (2x); Self Report > Mixed labels (2x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (2x); Free Response > Interviews (2x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (2x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (2x); Meta Data (2x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (2x); Writing Best Practices > Dashes (2x); Grandmother Research > Examples (1x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Research Publication (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Stimuli (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Samples > Sampling Methods (1x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (1x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Standard Protocols (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Recruitment (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Describing data > Axes (1x); Statistics (1x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x); Reporting Results > Data Cleaning/Transformation (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Effect Size > Sample Size (1x); Power > Power Analysis (1x); Final Advice (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• human subjects

  • An old-fashioned way to refer to human subject participants.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants (6x); Write the Paper First (1x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (1x)
• hypothesis

  • A specific, theory-driven, falsifiable prediction which, if falsified, would disprove (or discredit) the theory.
  • Introduced in Prediction > Hypotheses.
  • Used in…

    The Null Hypothesis (25x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (23x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (19x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (13x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (13x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (13x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Better and Worse Hypotheses (10x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (10x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (10x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Prioritizing Hypotheses (9x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpretating NHST (9x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (8x); Effect Size (7x); Power > Determining Power (7x); Pitfalls of NHST (7x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (7x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (7x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (6x); Reporting Results > Reporting (6x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (5x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (5x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (5x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (5x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (5x); Effect Size > Not P values! (5x); Prediction > Hypotheses (4x); Prediction > Failure (4x); Explanation > Exploration (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (4x); Write the Paper First > 4. Clarifying the distinction between a priori and post hoc tests. (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (4x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (4x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (4x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (4x); Reporting Results > Statistical Significance (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (4x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (4x); Writing Best Practices > Dashes (4x); Explore Then Test (3x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Creating New Hypotheses (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (3x); Constructs > Human Judgement (3x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > unfalsifiable hypothesis (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (3x); Grandmother Research > Examples (2x); Scholarly Literature (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (2x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (2x); Write the Paper First > 3. Increasing the likelihood of publishing negative results. (2x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (2x); Data Independence > Sample size (2x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (2x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (2x); Working with Human Participants > Time (2x); Data Analysis > Case study (2x); Describing data > A story (2x); Statistics > US Counties (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (2x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (2x); Power (2x); Power > Power Analysis (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #5: Refutation is Easier than Confirmation (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad-hoc hypothesis (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > data neglect (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > spelunking (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (1x); Explanation (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Abstract (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Helping Readers (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (1x); Relating Variables > Interactions (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Covariates and Control > Epistephobia (1x); Constructs > Construct Validity (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Free Response (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (1x); Data Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (1x); Linear Models > Linear regression (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (1x); Reporting Results > Confidence Level and Statistical Significance (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x); Factor Analysis (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Power > Statistical Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > relativist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > confirmation bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > post-hoc hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > head-in-the-sand syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > overfitting (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > premature reduction (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Writing Best Practices > Tentative language (1x)
• hypothesislessness

  • A persistent and sometimes chronic disease where a researcher is perpetually without a hypothesis.
  • Introduced in Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness.
  • Used in…

    Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (5x)

I

• implicit measures

  • Measuring a mental or cognitive construct indirectly, by observing behaviors thought to be associated with the construct. An approach to avoiding measurement reactivity.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (6x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (1x)
• independent data (sampling)

  • The sampling idea, wherein each individual data point is sampled independently of other data points. Most statistical analysis strongly assumes data independence.
  • Introduced in Data Independence.
  • Used in…

    Data Independence (4x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (1x); Data Independence > Sample size (1x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistics > Confidence (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Power > Power Analysis (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x)
• independent rater

  • A person, whether an expert or a lay person, recruited to perform measurements of a phenomenon using their own personal judgement. Raters should be provided detailed instructions, to guide their choices as appropriate. Raters should generally be “blind” (blind procedure) to important research variables and goals.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Human Judgement.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Human Judgement (3x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (1x)
• independent variable

  • Abbreviated IV. In a true experiment, a variable which is freely (“independently”) manipulated by the experimenter. The term is often used generically for any variable used to predict another variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Linear Models > Multiple regression (11x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (9x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (7x); Covariates and Control (4x); Covariates and Control > Control (4x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (3x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (3x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (3x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (2x); Relating Variables (2x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (2x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (2x); Experimental Stimuli (2x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (2x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (2x); Statistical Tests (2x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (2x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (1x); Relating Variables > Interactions (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (1x); Describing data > Numeric X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Linear Models > Linear regression (1x); Linear Models > Standardization (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Effect Size (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (1x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (1x); Statistical Tests > Non-linear effects (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• inductive reasoning, induction

  • Creating or justifying knowledge based on raw observation. See a posterior and empiricism. (Read more on Wikipedia.)
  • Introduced in Epistemology.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology (1x); Epistemology > Science (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (1x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x)
• **inference, inferences, ,

  • Reasoning from premises to logical conclusions. In the context of empirical research, reasoning from concrete, observed data to a general, theoretical population.
  • Introduced in Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis.
  • Used in…

    Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (14x); Statistics (11x); Goodness-of-Fit (7x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (6x); Statistics > Confidence (6x); Power > Determining Power (5x); Epistemology > Error (4x); Scientific Methods > Validity (3x); Samples > The “population” (3x); Samples > Defining a population (3x); Samples > Sample Size (3x); Self Report > Scales (3x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (3x); Describing data > Get the Gist (3x); Statistics > Sample Size (3x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (3x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (3x); Linear Models (2x); Linear Models > Linear regression (2x); Data Analysis > Case study (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (1x); Classification (1x); Factor Analysis (1x)
• **inferential analysis, *

  • Using the analysis and interpretation of a concrete sample of data to justify claims about the broader, real-world population from which the data was drawn.
  • Introduced in Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis.
  • Used in…

    Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (10x); Statistics (4x); Linear Models (2x); Data Analysis > Case study (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (1x); Classification (1x); Factor Analysis (1x)
• inferential statistic

  • A statistic, calculated from a sample of data, which is taken to be an estimate of a “true” parameter of the population which was sampled from.
  • Introduced in Statistics.
  • Used in…

    Statistics (2x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (1x)
• informant

  • In the context of sociology and ethnomusicology, a person interviewed as a source of information about a culture or subculture.
  • Introduced in Free Response > Recruiting Participants.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Hierarchies (12x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (8x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (5x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (5x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (2x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x)
• inquiry

  • An inquiry is a process aimed to augment knowledge, resolve doubt, or solve a problem. Research inquiries are also referred to as “studies” or “experiments”—however, not all research inquiries are true experiments.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods (14x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (8x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (4x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (3x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (3x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (3x); Covariates and Control (3x); Scientific Methods > Validity (2x); Relating Variables (2x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (2x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (2x); Reductionism (2x); Experimental Stimuli (2x); Meta Data (2x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (2x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (2x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (2x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (1x); The Null Hypothesis (1x); Relating Variables > Interactions (1x); Constructs (1x); Constructs > Construct Validity (1x); Reductionism > Methodological Reductionism (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Samples (1x); Self Report (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x)
• Institutional Review Board (IRB)

  • A committee that reviews and approves the ethics of human-participant research conducted in the United States. Before conducting human-subject research, approval of an IRB is required by US federal law. Most major research institutions have their own IRBs.
  • Introduced in Human-Research Ethics > IRB.
  • Used in…

    Human-Research Ethics > IRB (4x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (1x)
• inter-rater reliability

  • How consistent measurements from multiple sources are. For example, multiple independent raters of the same performance.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measure Quality.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Measure Quality (3x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x)
• interaction

  • When the relationship between two variables depends on the value of a third variable. For example, if the influence of X on Z depends on the level of Y, this means that X and Y “interact” when influencing Z.
  • Introduced in Relating Variables > Interactions.
  • Used in…

    Linear Models > Multiple regression (22x); Relating Variables > Interactions (21x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (14x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (8x); Covariates and Control (7x); Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (6x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (6x); Writing Best Practices > Referential language (6x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (5x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (5x); Research Publication > Conferences (4x); Describing data > Three (or more) Dimensions (4x); Research Publication (3x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (3x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (3x); Measuring Humans > Social Behaviors (3x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (3x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (3x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (3x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (2x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (2x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (2x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (2x); Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (2x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (2x); Describing data (2x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (2x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (2x); Grandmother Research > Examples (1x); Relating Variables > Beyond three dimensions (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (1x); Working with Human Participants > Don’t hover (1x); Describing data > Numeric X Numeric X Numeric (1x)
• interface

  • See experimental interface.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (8x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (3x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (2x); Research Publication (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Working with Human Participants > Standard Protocols (1x); Working with Human Participants > Preparation (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (1x); Reporting Results > Data Description (1x)
• internal consistency reliability

  • How consistent different dimensions of a measure are. For example, if measuring patients’ overall medical health, do blood-pressure tests and heart-rate tests reliably correlate?
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measure Quality.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Measure Quality (3x)
• internal validity

  • Whether conclusions about causation drawn from a research inquiry are justified. The gold-standard approach to establishing internal validity is through experimental manipulation. (See experiment or manipulation.)
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Correlation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Correlation (8x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (3x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (2x); Scientific Methods > Validity (1x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (1x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (1x)
• interquartile range (of distribution)

  • The range between the 25% and 75% quantiles of a distribution. This is the “middle” half of the distribution.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Quantiles.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Quantiles (3x); Describing data > Box and Violin plots (1x); Statistics > Confidence (1x)
• interval scale, interval variablae

  • A numeric variable where distances between value are consistent and meaningful, but not ratios. (See ratio scale for contrast.)
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio (6x); Self Report > Scales (3x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (2x); Quantifying Variables > Linearity (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• interview guide, interview protocol

  • A written document that identifies the goals of an interview, lists the topics of interest, and provides suggested questions.
  • Introduced in Free Response > The Interview Guide.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > The Interview Guide (8x); Free Response > Labeling topics (2x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (1x); Free Response > Interview Advice (1x)
• introspection, introspect

  • To think about and analyze one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans (10x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (5x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (2x); Epistemology > Rationality (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > egocentric bias (1x)
• introspective measures (human participants)

  • Measuring the internal thoughts, feelings, or perceptions of humans by asking them to introspect about their internal state, and tell us about it.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans (3x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x)
• IRB

  • Institutional Review Board.
  • Introduced in Human-Research Ethics > IRB.
  • Used in…

    Human-Research Ethics > IRB (11x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (7x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (3x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (3x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (2x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (2x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (2x); Write the Paper First (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (1x)
• isolation

  • To make conclusions about the effect of a variable, we need to observe that effect of that variable independent from the effect of other variables (covariates). This is by controlling for the effect of covariates, by systematically manipulating or randomizing them.
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control > Control.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control > Control (5x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (3x); Pitfalls of NHST (3x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (2x); Self Report > Question Wording (2x); Epistemology > Empiricism (1x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Reductionism (1x); Reductionism > Methodological Reductionism (1x); Samples > Matched Samples (1x); Blind procedures (1x); Free Response (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > history effect (1x)
• item (measurement)

  • Most measurement protocols are repeated many times to gather data, but with different levels of relevant variables each time. For example, we might repeatedly expose a human participant to music and ask them to rate the emotion each time. Each specific measurement combination (for example, using a specific musical stimuli) is called an item.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (11x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (9x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (9x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (8x); Free Response > Hierarchies (5x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (4x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (3x); Self Report > Scales (3x); Covariates and Control (2x); Self Report > Priming (2x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (2x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (2x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (2x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Self Report (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Self Report > Mixed labels (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Free Response (1x); Working with Human Participants > Time (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (1x); Musical Features (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x)
• IV

  • Abbreviation for independent variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (29x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (29x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (26x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (25x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (24x); Classification > Classification Performance (24x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (21x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (20x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (19x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (18x); Measuring Humans (18x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (18x); Free Response > The Open Interview (18x); Covariates and Control (17x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (16x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (15x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (15x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (14x); Free Response (14x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (14x); Linear Models > Covariance (14x); Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (13x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (13x); Constructs > Reactivity (12x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (12x); Epistemology > Truth (11x); Data Independence (11x); Free Response > Hierarchies (11x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (10x); Data Independence > Sample size (10x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (10x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (10x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (9x); Blind procedures (9x); Statistics > US Counties (9x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (9x); Pitfalls of NHST > Independent tests (9x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (9x); Epistemology > Empiricism (8x); Epistemology > Error (8x); Scientific Rhetoric (8x); Explanation (8x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (8x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (8x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (8x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (8x); Random Variables > Entropy units (8x); Human Reactivity (8x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (8x); Free Response > Sorting and Coding topics (8x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (8x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (8x); Encoding Music > Relative pitch (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (8x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (8x); Epistemology > Rationality (7x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (7x); Random Variables > Quantiles (7x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (7x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (7x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (7x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (7x); Statistics (7x); Statistics > Estimation (7x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (7x); Epistemology (6x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (6x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Prioritizing Hypotheses (6x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (6x); Anecdotal Evidence > Stories (6x); Scientific Methods > Observation (6x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (6x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (6x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (6x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (6x); Random Variables > Count Data (6x); Self Report > Mixed labels (6x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (6x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (6x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (6x); Musical Features > Audio Features (6x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (6x); Linear Models > Standardization (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (6x); Classification > Precision/Recall/F1 (6x); Effect Size > Error (6x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (6x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (6x); Music Theory Primer > Pitch (6x); Probability Primer > Probability of multiple variables (6x); Writing Best Practices > Dashes (6x); Plain-text writing > Latex citation commands (6x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (5x); Questions and Answers > Valid Assumptions (5x); Epistephobia > Cherished beliefs (5x); Scientific Rhetoric > Audience of Peers (5x); Explanation > Exploration (5x); Citation > Why do we cite? (5x); Write the Paper First > 3. Increasing the likelihood of publishing negative results. (5x); Scientific Methods (5x); Relating Variables > Interactions (5x); Definitions (5x); Constructs > Phenomena (5x); Constructs > Measure Quality (5x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (5x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Mutual Disregard (5x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (5x); Samples > Defining a population (5x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (5x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (5x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (5x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (5x); Self Report > Question Wording (5x); Instruments (5x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (5x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (5x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (5x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (5x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (5x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (5x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (5x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (5x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (5x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (5x); Encoding Music > Continuous pitch (5x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (5x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (5x); Describing data > Numeric data (5x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (5x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (5x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (5x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (5x); Pitfalls of NHST (5x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #2: Research Invites Failure (5x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (5x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (5x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (5x); Epistemology > The Problem of Induction (4x); Questions and Answers > Description (4x); Prediction > Knowledge (4x); Explanation > Hindsight (4x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (4x); Write the Paper First (4x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Utility of Anecdotes (4x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (4x); Constructs > Human Judgement (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (4x); Samples > The “population” (4x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (4x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (4x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (4x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (4x); Random Variables > Mean (4x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (4x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (4x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (4x); Self Report > Scales (4x); Self Report > Converging Questions (4x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (4x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (4x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (4x); Working with Human Participants (4x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (4x); Encoding Music (4x); Encoding Music > Chroma (4x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (4x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (4x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (4x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (4x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (4x); Factor Analysis (4x); Effect Size > Sample Size (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (4x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > relativist fallacy (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > bottom-drawer effect (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (4x); Writing Best Practices > Tentative language (4x); Epistemology > Science (3x); Prediction > The Rhetoric Of Prophecy (3x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Better and Worse Hypotheses (3x); Research Publication (3x); Research Publication > Decision (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Abstract (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (3x); Facts > Assumptions (3x); Facts > Piano Keys (3x); Relating Variables > Beyond three dimensions (3x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (3x); Constructs (3x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (3x); Generalization (3x); Samples > Sampling Error (3x); Samples > Stratified Samples (3x); Quantifying Variables (3x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (3x); Measuring Humans > Social Behaviors (3x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (3x); Human Reactivity > Deception (3x); Free Response > Interview Advice (3x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (3x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Loudness (3x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (3x); Encoding Music > Case study (3x); Musical Features > Reliability (3x); Sampling Music > Sampling Criteria (3x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (3x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (3x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (3x); Data Analysis > Case study (3x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (3x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (3x); Describing data > Categorical data (3x); Describing data > Two Dimensions (3x); Describing data > Box and Violin plots (3x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (3x); Linear Models > Scale (3x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (3x); Goodness-of-Fit (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (3x); Classification > ROC/AUC (3x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (3x); Effect Size (3x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > overfitting (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > premature reduction (3x); Final Advice (3x); Probability Primer > Odds (3x); Writing Best Practices > Referential language (3x); Epistemology > Skepticism (2x); Questions and Answers (2x); Questions and Answers > Too General (2x); Questions and Answers > Originality (2x); Grandmother Research > Finding the Obvious (2x); Grandmother Research > Mantras (2x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (2x); Prediction > Hypotheses (2x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (2x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (2x); Citation > Framing citations (2x); Scholarly Literature (2x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (2x); Research Publication > Who (2x); Research Publication > Timeline (2x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (2x); Facts (2x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (2x); Anecdotal Evidence (2x); Scientific Methods > Validity (2x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (2x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (2x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (2x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (2x); Definitions > Citation (2x); Definitions > Example (2x); Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (2x); Reductionism > Methodological Reductionism (2x); Samples (2x); Samples > Sampling Methods (2x); Samples > Convenience (2x); Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio (2x); Random Variables > Mode (2x); Random Variables > Symmetry (2x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (2x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (2x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (2x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (2x); Self Report > Priming (2x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (2x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (2x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (2x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (2x); Working with Human Participants > Time (2x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (2x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (2x); Human-Research Ethics (2x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (2x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (2x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (2x); Encoding Music > Meter (2x); Musical Features (2x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (2x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (2x); Meta Data > Descriptive (2x); Meta Data > Filenames (2x); Describing data (2x); Describing data > A story (2x); Describing data > Area vs Height (2x); Regression to the Mean (2x); Linear Models (2x); Linear Models > Interpretation (2x); Linear Models > Interpretation (2x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpretating NHST (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (2x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (2x); Reporting Results > Reporting (2x); Normal Assumptions (2x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Factor Analysis > Pitch (2x); Effect Size > Reporting Effect Size (2x); Effect Size > Interpretation (2x); Effect Size > Not P values! (2x); Power (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad baculum argument (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > homogeneity bias (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (2x); Probability Primer > Likelihood (2x); Probability Primer > Transformations (2x); Writing Best Practices > Adjectives (2x); Writing Best Practices > Parenthetical citation (2x); Writing Best Practices > Citation placement (2x); Plain-text writing > Citation (bibtex) (2x); Questions and Answers > Hierarchy of Questions (1x); Questions and Answers > Good Questions (1x); Questions and Answers > Well Informed (1x); Questions and Answers > Interest (1x); Grandmother Research > Examples (1x); Epistephobia (1x); Prediction > Luck (1x); Prediction > Falsification (1x); Prediction > Failure (1x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Creating New Hypotheses (1x); Citation (1x); Citation > Deceptive citations (1x); Citation > Second-hand citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Full Reading (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Research Publication > Revisions and Response (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Independent section? (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Helping Readers (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Figures and Captions (1x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (1x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (1x); Facts > Making Assumptions (1x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x); Facts > Hedging assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (1x); Relating Variables (1x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (1x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Covariates and Control > Epistephobia (1x); Definitions > Misuse of jargon (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Construct Validity (1x); Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous (1x); Quantifying Variables > Linearity (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Random Variables > Proportions (1x); Data Independence > Sequential data (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x); Self Report (1x); Instruments > Musical “Instruments” (1x); Free Response > Labeling topics (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (1x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Measuring Music > Musical Artifacts (1x); Measuring Music > The Sound of Music (1x); Measuring Music > A Piece of Music (1x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Musical Features > Ease (1x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x); Sampling Music > Great Music (1x); Sampling Music > Control (1x); Meta Data > Dates (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Describing data > Spot Checking (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Describing data > Visualization (1x); Describing data > Anscombe’s Quartet (1x); Describing data > Standard Plots (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Interval (1x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (1x); Describing data > Numeric X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Describing data > Best practices (1x); Describing data > Axes (1x); Statistics > Assumptions (1x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (1x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (1x); Classification (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #7: Compare Actual Observations with Control Observations (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > discovery fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > egocentric bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > universalist phobia (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > skills neglect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > naturalist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sampling bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > carry-over effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > shifting population problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > hypocrisy (1x); Music Theory Primer (1x); Music Theory Primer > Beats and Tempo (1x); Music Theory Primer > Meter (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (1x); Probability Primer > Basic properties (1x); Probability Primer > Important rules! (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (1x); Writing Best Practices > Citation and References (1x); Writing Best Practices > Narrative citation (1x); Writing Best Practices > and Acronyms (1x)

J

• journals

  • The principal publishers of scholarly research papers.
  • Introduced in Research Publication.
  • Used in…

    Research Publication (10x); Research Publication > Who (6x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (6x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (5x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (3x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (3x); Scientific Rhetoric (2x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (2x); Research Publication > Decision (2x); Research Publication > Timeline (2x); Facts > Piano Keys (2x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Utility of Anecdotes (2x); Prediction > Failure (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Creating New Hypotheses (1x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (1x); Scholarly Literature > Further Information (1x); Research Publication > Process (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Write the Paper First > 3. Increasing the likelihood of publishing negative results. (1x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x)
• justification

  • An argument about why we should believe something; i.e., why some belief makes sense (justified belief or knowledge) or doesn’t (unjustified belief).
  • Introduced in Epistemology.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology (6x); Epistemology > Truth (3x); Scientific Rhetoric (3x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (3x); Scientific Methods (3x); Epistemology > Empiricism (2x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (2x); Citation > Why do we cite? (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (2x); Epistemology > Skepticism (1x); Prediction > Knowledge (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Citing methods (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Facts > Piano Keys (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Definitions (1x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Data Cleaning/Transformation (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > discovery fallacy (1x)

K

• kurtosis (of distribution)

  • The average hyper-cubed normalized deviations between a set of numbers and its mean. A metric for the “tail weight” of distributions, where the normal distribution has a kurtosis of three and anything greater than that is considered “excess kurtosis.”
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Symmetry.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Symmetry (10x); Random Variables > Multi-modal problems (1x)

L

• laboratory

  • A controlled space where research is conducted, and particularly where activities can be observed outside of their “natural” environment.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Observation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Observation (6x); Working with Human Participants (3x); Human Reactivity (2x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x)
• least squares

  • Building statistical models that minimize the squared deviation between the model’s predictions and the actual data. Least squares is the most fundamental error function in statistics and machine learning.
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (6x); Writing Best Practices > Dashes (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (3x); Definitions (2x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x)
• level, levels of variable

  • Each possible outcome of measuring a variable is one level. If we measure the outcome of a coin flip, this is a variable with two levels: heads and tails. A single die roll has six levels. Some variables have an infinite number of levels (for example, all real numbers).
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental Design.
  • Used in…

    Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (16x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (15x); Reporting Results > Confidence Level and Statistical Significance (13x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (12x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (11x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (10x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (9x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (9x); Reporting Results > Reporting (9x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (8x); Writing Best Practices > and Acronyms (8x); Describing data > Categorical data (7x); Self Report > Scales (6x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (6x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (6x); Prediction > Hypotheses (5x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (5x); Constructs > Measure Quality (5x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (4x); Constructs > Measurement (4x); Constructs > Error (4x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (4x); Reporting Results > Statistical Significance (4x); Citation > How to Cite (3x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (3x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (3x); Relating Variables > Interactions (3x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (3x); Quantifying Variables (3x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (3x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (3x); Self Report > Converging Questions (3x); Encoding Music (3x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (3x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (3x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (3x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (3x); Questions and Answers (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); Covariates and Control > Control (2x); Constructs > Construct Validity (2x); Samples > Sampling Error (2x); Samples > Stratified Samples (2x); Samples > Matched Samples (2x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (2x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (2x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (2x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (2x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (2x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (2x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (2x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (2x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (2x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (2x); Epistemology > Error (1x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Citation > Literature in a paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Helping Readers (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Definitions > Acronyms (1x); Constructs (1x); Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (1x); Instruments (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Recruitment (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Rhythm (1x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x); Describing data > Best practices (1x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x); Power > Statistical Power (1x); Power > Determining Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sensitivity syndrome (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x)
• likelihood

  • The probability of a past event, in retrospect.
  • Introduced in Probability Primer > Likelihood.
  • Used in…

    Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (27x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (17x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (10x); Probability Primer > Likelihood (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (7x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (4x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (3x); The Null Hypothesis (2x); Classification > Statistical Classification (2x); Classification > Classification Performance (2x); Grandmother Research > Mantras (1x); Prediction > Knowledge (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Generalization (1x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (1x); Statistics > US Counties (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Significance (1x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x)
• likelihood ratio

  • The difference in the log-likelihoods of two models fit to the same data.
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit.
  • Used in…

    Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (4x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x)
• Likert-type scale

  • A self-report human-participant measurement item consisting of a small number (less than 20) of ordered categories, from which the participant picks one. Named after sociologist Rensis Likert, who’s actual methodology involved averaging the responses to multiple ordinal scales. However, the term “Likert scale” is widely used to describe even a single such scale item.
  • Introduced in Self Report > Scales.
  • Used in…

    Self Report > Scales (14x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (2x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x)
• location (of distribution)

  • Another term for the central tendency of a distribution, but referring to a specific variable, like \(\mu\) for the normal distribution.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (2x)
• longitudinal study, longitudinal design

  • A research paradigm where specific human participants are observed (and perhaps manipulated) repeatedly over a long period of time. For example, in an educational experiment, children’s behavior might be measured once a month for two years.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > mortality problem (1x)
• loss function

  • A function that summarizes a model’s residual error. Synonymous with “error function” and “objective function.”
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (5x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Definitions > Audience (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (1x)
• lure questions, lures

  • Fake questions or tasks which are not of interest as real data points, but which serve to conceal the true intent of a study from participants. An approach to avoiding measurement reactivity.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Deception.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Deception (5x)

M

• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

  • A technique for measuring brain activity in three dimensions.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (22x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (8x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (1x)
• magnetoencephalography (MEG)

  • A technique for measuring electrical activity throughout the brain, in three dimensions.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (10x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x)
• main effect

  • The effect that one variable has on another, independently of (ignoring) other variables.
  • Introduced in Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables.
  • Used in…

    Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (6x); Relating Variables > Interactions (3x); Linear Models > Multiple regression (2x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (2x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (1x)
• manipulated variable

  • A synonym for independent variable. The pairing manipulated/measured variable is synonymous with the pairing independent/dependent variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x)
• manipulation

  • In a true experiment, a researcher manipulates a research variable, and observes how this manipulation influences other variables. This is the strongest way (by far) to argue causation (internal validity).
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Manipulation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Manipulation (11x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (11x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (9x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (9x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (8x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (4x); Covariates and Control > Control (3x); Blind procedures (3x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (3x); Experimental Stimuli (3x); Epistephobia (2x); Scientific Rhetoric (2x); Scientific Rhetoric > Audience of Peers (2x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (2x); Relating Variables (2x); Self Report > Question Wording (2x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (2x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (2x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (1x); Relating Variables > Direction (1x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (1x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Reductionism > Methodological Reductionism (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Human Reactivity (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ceiling effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > floor effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > history effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > maturation confounds (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > testing effect (1x)
• manipulation check

  • Anything you can do to demonstrate that your experimental manipulation is having an effect on the independent variables. Usually this means extra conditions—or an entire extra “pilot” study—where you explore different types or magnitudes of manipulation, to see what works.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (4x); Covariates and Control (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x)
• matched random sampling

  • A sampling scheme where we sample pairs of observations based on (some) shared variable levels, while letting other variables remain random. For example, c
  • Introduced in Samples > Matched Samples.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Matched Samples (6x); Sampling Music > Control (1x)
• maximum likelihood

  • Building statistical models that assign the highest likelihood to observed data.
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (1x); Normal Assumptions (1x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x)
• mean

  • The most important measure of central tendency of distributions, with many convenient statistical properties. Essentially synonymous with “average,” but that term is less precise. There are several ways of calculating means, but the “default” is the arithmetic mean. The arithmetic mean is also called the expected value in statistics, which is the sum (or integral) of all the values in the sample space, weighted by their probability.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mean.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Mean (24x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (21x); Goodness-of-Fit (18x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (13x); Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio (10x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (10x); Statistics > Confidence (9x); Self Report > Question Wording (8x); Statistics > Estimation (8x); Power > Determining Power (8x); Random Variables > Symmetry (7x); Statistics > Sample Size (7x); Regression to the Mean (7x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (7x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (7x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (6x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpretating NHST (6x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (5x); Describing data > Spot Checking (5x); Statistics (5x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (5x); Effect Size > Error (5x); Definitions (4x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (4x); Random Variables > Count Data (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (4x); Effect Size > Not P values! (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (3x); Definitions > Citation (3x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (3x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (3x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (3x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (3x); Describing data > Show everything (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (3x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (3x); Effect Size > Interpretation (3x); Effect Size > Sample Size (3x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (2x); Relating Variables (2x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (2x); Relating Variables > Interactions (2x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (2x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (2x); Random Variables > Mode (2x); Random Variables > Entropy units (2x); Data Independence > Sample size (2x); Human Reactivity (2x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (2x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (2x); Blind procedures (2x); Free Response > Hierarchies (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (2x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (2x); Describing data (2x); Describing data > Anscombe’s Quartet (2x); Describing data > Box and Violin plots (2x); Linear Models (2x); Linear Models > Covariance (2x); Linear Models > Linear regression (2x); Linear Models > Interpretation (2x); Linear Models > Standardization (2x); Linear Models > Interpretation (2x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (2x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical Significance (2x); Normal Assumptions (2x); Factor Analysis (2x); Effect Size (2x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (2x); Power > Statistical Power (2x); Pitfalls of NHST (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (2x); Music Theory Primer (2x); Music Theory Primer > Beats and Tempo (2x); Statistical Tests > T-test (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Writing Best Practices > and Acronyms (2x); Questions and Answers (1x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Epistephobia (1x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Prediction > Falsification (1x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x); Explanation (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Explanation > Exploration (1x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (1x); Citation > Topical citations (1x); Scholarly Literature (1x); Research Publication > Who (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Facts > Assumptions (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Definitions > Scope (1x); Definitions > Acronyms (1x); Constructs (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Construct Validity (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (1x); Samples > Defining a population (1x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (1x); Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Multi-modal problems (1x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x); Data Independence (1x); Data Independence > Sequential data (1x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (1x); Measuring Humans (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (1x); Self Report > Mixed labels (1x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (1x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (1x); Experimental Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Loudness (1x); Human-Research Ethics (1x); Measuring Music > The Sound of Music (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x); Musical Features (1x); Musical Features > Audio Features (1x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Describing data > Visualization (1x); Describing data > Categorical data (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Interval (1x); Statistics > US Counties (1x); Linear Models > Scale (1x); Linear Models > Multiple regression (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Data Cleaning/Transformation (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Classification (1x); Classification > Precision/Recall/F1 (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (1x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (1x); Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Independent tests (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > validity problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > regression artifacts (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > hypocrisy (1x); Final Advice (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (1x); Probability Primer > Probability of multiple variables (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x); Probability Primer > Odds (1x); Writing Best Practices > Asides (1x)
• mean squared error (MSE)

  • A basic measure of numeric (interval or ratio) error: the average squared deviation between measured numbers and the “true” value. Related to variance.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Numeric error.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (5x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (2x); Self Report > Question Wording (2x); Free Response > Labeling topics (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (2x); Epistemology (1x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Scientific Rhetoric > Audience of Peers (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Prioritizing Hypotheses (1x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Stimuli (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Facts > Hedging assumptions (1x); Facts > Piano Keys (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Constructs > Human Judgement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Mean (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Human Reactivity (1x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Blind procedures (1x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (1x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (1x); Free Response > Sorting and Coding topics (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Case study (1x); Linear Models (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Effect Size > Not P values! (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ipse dixit (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > presumptive representation (1x)
• measured variable

  • A general term for a variable that is the main “outcome” of interest. The pairing manipulated/measured variable is synonymous with the pairing independent/dependent variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (5x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x)
• measurement

  • A procedure that associates observations with levels of a theoretical construct.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measurement.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans (23x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (23x); Human Reactivity (15x); Constructs > Measurement (14x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (12x); Constructs > Measure Quality (12x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (12x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (11x); Self Report > Converging Questions (11x); Constructs > Human Judgement (10x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (10x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (9x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (9x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (9x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (9x); Constructs > Reactivity (8x); Constructs > Error (7x); Self Report (6x); Musical Features > Reliability (6x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (5x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (5x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (5x); Random Variables (5x); Human Reactivity > Deception (5x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (5x); Musical Features (5x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (4x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (3x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (3x); Quantifying Variables (3x); Quantifying Variables > Quantifying Error (3x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (3x); Self Report > Scales (3x); Self Report > Question Wording (3x); Working with Human Participants (3x); Effect Size > Error (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > reactivity problem (3x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (2x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (2x); Samples > Defining a population (2x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (2x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (2x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (2x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (2x); Working with Human Participants > Time (2x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (2x); Measuring Music > A Framework (2x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (2x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (2x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (2x); Musical Features > Windows (2x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (2x); Data Analysis (2x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (2x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (2x); Regression to the Mean (2x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (2x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (2x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Citation (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Samples > Sampling Error (1x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (1x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Multi-modal problems (1x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (1x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (1x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Instruments (1x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Loudness (1x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (1x); Musical Features > Ease (1x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (1x); Musical Features > Parameterization (1x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (1x); Reporting Results > Data Description (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (1x); Effect Size > Not P values! (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #7: Compare Actual Observations with Control Observations (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > testing effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > instrument decay (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > reliability problem (1x)
• measurement error

  • A difference between the measured level of a variable and the “true” level.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Error.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Error (5x); Samples > Sampling Error (1x); Random Variables (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x)
• measurement reactivity

  • See reactivity.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Reactivity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Reactivity (3x); Human Reactivity (2x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x)
• median

  • A measure of central tendency which is valid for ordinal data. The point which divides the distribution of observations into equal halves above and below, respectively. Also known as the 50% quantile.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Quantiles.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Quantiles (7x); Random Variables > Symmetry (3x); Statistics > Estimation (3x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x); Describing data > Box and Violin plots (1x)
• mediation

  • When one variable influences a second variable which in turn influences a third variable: \(X\rightarrow Y\rightarrow Z\). The middle variable (Y) is a mediator variable between X and Z.
  • Introduced in Relating Variables > Three-way correlations.
  • Used in…

    Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (5x)
• MEG

  • Magnetoencephalography.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (6x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x)
• metadata

  • Data (observations) that (mainly) describes other data. The line between “metadata” and “data” depends on the nature of a research inquiry.
  • Introduced in Meta Data.
  • Used in…

    Meta Data (9x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (7x); Meta Data > Descriptive (6x); Meta Data > Best Practices (3x); Meta Data > Formatting (2x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (1x); Meta Data > Dates (1x); Meta Data > Errors (1x); Meta Data > Filenames (1x)
• methodological reductionism

  • See reductionism.
  • Introduced in Reductionism.
  • Used in…

    Reductionism (2x); Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x)
• methodology

  • The structured procedures we follow to conduct a research inquiry: i.e., how we define concepts and variables, formulate predictions, gather and process data, analyze results, and make conclusions. Good methodologies help us create and justify new knowledge.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods (17x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Citing methods (5x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research (4x); Scientific Methods > Validity (3x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (3x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > homogeneity bias (3x); Citation > Why do we cite? (2x); Scholarly Literature (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Describe the data (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (2x); Facts > Piano Keys (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (2x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (2x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (2x); Factor Analysis (2x); Epistemology > Error (1x); Prediction > Luck (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Creating New Hypotheses (1x); Citation > Topical citations (1x); Citation > How to Cite (1x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Facts > Assumptions (1x); Facts > Making Assumptions (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Utility of Anecdotes (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (1x); Samples > Not just people (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Free Response (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Reporting Results > Data Description (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > skills neglect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > reactivity problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > testing effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > premature reduction (1x); Final Advice (1x)
• MIDI

  • NA
  • Introduced in Encoding Music > Common Encodings.
  • Used in…

    Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (7x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (4x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (2x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (2x); Grandmother Research > Examples (1x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music > Pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Encoding Music > Distance Metric (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x)
• mismatch-negativity (MMN)

  • A specific type of event-related potential which is consistently evoked by exposure to an unexpected change (the “mismatch” or “oddball”) in a repeating stimulus.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (13x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (5x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (2x)
• MMN

  • Mismatch-negativity (an ERP).
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (9x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (4x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x)
• model

  • A simplified set of theoretical ideas that mimics useful properties of (more complex) real-world phenomena.
  • Introduced in Constructs.
  • Used in…

    Data Analysis > Modeling data (18x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (17x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (14x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (13x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (12x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (11x); Goodness-of-Fit (11x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (10x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (10x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (9x); Writing Best Practices > and Acronyms (9x); Constructs (8x); Encoding Music (8x); Linear Models (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (7x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (6x); Constructs > Measurement (5x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (5x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (5x); Linear Models > Linear regression (5x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (5x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (5x); Scholarly Literature > Full Reading (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (4x); Random Variables > Count Data (4x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (4x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (4x); Linear Models > Multiple regression (4x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (4x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (4x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (4x); Classification (4x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (4x); Constructs > Construct Validity (3x); Constructs > Measure Quality (3x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (3x); Random Variables (3x); Measuring Humans (3x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (3x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (3x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (3x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (3x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (3x); Normal Assumptions (3x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (3x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (3x); Effect Size (3x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (3x); Prediction > Knowledge (2x); Citation > Why do we cite? (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (2x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (2x); Constructs > Phenomena (2x); Constructs > Error (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Quantifying Variables > Linearity (2x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (2x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (2x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Relationships (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (2x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (2x); Normal Assumptions > Ordinal Categories (2x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (2x); Statistical Tests (2x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Writing Best Practices > Narrative citation (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Definitions > Acronyms (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Samples > Sampling Error (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (1x); Random Variables > Randomization (1x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (1x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Random Variables > Proportions (1x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Annotations (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Statistics (1x); Regression to the Mean (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Model Summary: (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Evaluating Fit (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (1x); Music Theory Primer > Pitch (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Probability Primer > Likelihood (1x)
• MRI

  • Magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (13x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (8x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (1x)
• MSE

  • See mean squared error.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Numeric error.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (2x)
• multimodal (distribution)

  • If a probability distribution has two or more modes or two or more peaks in its shape.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mode.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Mode (3x)
• multinomial (variable)

  • A categorical variable with three or more levels.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Parameterized Models (11x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (3x); Random Variables > Proportions (2x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Random Variables > Entropy (1x); Classification (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x)
• multinomial distribution

  • The most common probability distribution applied to multinomial variables, modeling the number of counts drawn from each level after \(n\) draws. Has one \(p_i\) parameter for each level in the multinomial sample space, representing the probability of drawing each level. Also has a parameter \(n\), indicating the number of draws. The multinomial distribution is a generalization of the categorical distribution, equivalent to counting \(n\) draws from a categorical variable. The binomial distribution is a special case.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Parameterized Models.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Parameterized Models (5x); Random Variables > Proportions (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Random Variables > Entropy (1x)
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface

  • A technical standard, communication protocol, and data format for communicating and representing musical performance information. Read more on Wikipedia.
  • Introduced in Encoding Music > Common Encodings.
  • Used in…

    Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (7x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (5x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (2x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (2x); Grandmother Research > Examples (1x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music > Pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Encoding Music > Distance Metric (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x)
• musicking, to music

  • Any behavior involving music: making music, listening to music, talking about music, experiencing music, dancing with music, etc.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > Measuring “Music”.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (14x); Questions and Answers (2x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (2x); Working with Human Participants (2x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (2x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (1x); Questions and Answers > Description (1x); Facts > Making Assumptions (1x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (1x); Samples > The “population” (1x); Samples > Not just people (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Measuring Music > Musical Artifacts (1x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (1x); Measuring Music > A Framework (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (1x); Musical Features (1x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (1x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Music Theory Primer > Pitch (1x)

N

• nats

  • The name given to the units entropy when calculated using base-\(e\) (natural) logarithms. The “nat” refers to the “natural logarithm.”
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Entropy units.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Entropy units (4x)
• natural experiment

  • A research inquiry wherein a hypothesis is tested using observational data, with no experimental manipulation. Natural experiments are not true experiments. Also called a quasi-experiment.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Types of Studies.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (8x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x)
• negative binomial distribution

  • A common probability distribution over the natural numbers (\(\mathbb{N}\)), used to describe the number of failures before the first success when drawing from a Bernoulli variable. Often used in similar circumstances to the Poisson distribution, but allows independent control of the mean and variance.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Count Data.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Count Data (5x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x)
• nominal variable

  • See categorical variable.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (3x)
• normal distribution

  • The most important probability distribution, both practically and theoretically. Crops frequently in math and nature due to the central limit theorem, and has many incredibly useful mathematical properties—in many ways, the field of statistics is built around this distribution. Has two parameters: \(\mu\) (mu), the mean, and \(\sigma\) (sigma), the standard deviation.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Normal Distribution.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Normal Distribution (11x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (5x); Random Variables > Symmetry (4x); Goodness-of-Fit (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (3x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (3x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (3x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (3x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (2x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (2x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Random Variables > Count Data (1x); Random Variables > Proportions (1x); Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x); Statistics > Estimation (1x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x)
• normalization

  • To rescale (changing the spread) and/or shift (changing the central tendency) of a numeric distribution to “standard” values. The most common example is to subtract the mean and divide by the standard deviation.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mean.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Mean (7x); Random Variables > Symmetry (4x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (2x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Linear Models > Covariance (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (1x)
• note (musical)

  • An atomic musical event, usually with defined timing or pitch properties, or both. Can also refer more specifically to symbolic representations of such events.
  • Introduced in Encoding Music.
  • Used in…

    Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (11x); Encoding Music > Discrete pitch (10x); Linear Models > Interpretation (10x); Music Theory Primer > Pitch (10x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (9x); Linear Models > Scale (8x); Encoding Music > Case study (6x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (4x); Data Independence > Sample size (4x); Self Report > Question Wording (4x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (4x); Encoding Music (4x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (4x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (4x); Definitions > Example (3x); Samples > Defining a population (3x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (3x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (3x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (3x); Encoding Music > Annotations (3x); Musical Features > Parameterization (3x); Classification > Classification Performance (3x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (2x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (2x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (2x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (2x); Data Independence (2x); Data Independence > Sequential data (2x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (2x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (2x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (2x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (2x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (2x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (2x); Musical Features > Windows (2x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (2x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (2x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (2x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (2x); Prediction > Luck (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Creating New Hypotheses (1x); Scholarly Literature (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (1x); Scholarly Literature > Full Reading (1x); Research Publication > Decision (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (1x); Facts > Piano Keys (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > Stories (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (1x); Relating Variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Constructs (1x); Constructs > Construct Validity (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Generalization (1x); Samples > Not just people (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (1x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (1x); Random Variables > Proportions (1x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (1x); Measuring Humans (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Working with Human Participants > Time (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Recruitment (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (1x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (1x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (1x); Encoding Music > Relative pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Musical Features (1x); Sampling Music (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models > Covariance (1x); Linear Models > Multiple regression (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (1x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (1x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (1x); Factor Analysis (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (1x); Music Theory Primer (1x); Probability Primer > Probability of multiple variables (1x); Plain-text writing (1x); Plain-text writing > Comments (1x)
• nuisance variable

  • See covariate.
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control (3x)
• null hypothesis, \(H_0\)

  • The reverse formulation of our research hypothesis. To support our research hypothesis, we attempt to falsify the null hypothesis.
  • Introduced in The Null Hypothesis.
  • Used in…

    Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (16x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (11x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (11x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (8x); The Null Hypothesis (7x); Power > Determining Power (7x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (6x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpretating NHST (6x); Effect Size (5x); Effect Size > Not P values! (5x); Pitfalls of NHST (5x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (4x); Reporting Results > Statistical Significance (3x); Reporting Results > Reporting (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (2x); Statistics > US Counties (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Describing data > A story (1x); Linear Models > Linear regression (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Reporting Results > Confidence Level and Statistical Significance (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x)

O

• objective function

  • A function that summarizes a model’s residual error. Synonymous with “loss function” and “error function.”
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (6x)
• observation

  • Gathering data about what happens in the universe; The fundamental basis of empiricism.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Observation.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Observation (19x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (15x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (13x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (12x); Epistemology > Empiricism (11x); Constructs > Reactivity (11x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (11x); Epistemology > The Problem of Induction (9x); Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (7x); Samples (6x); Effect Size (6x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (6x); Epistemology > Science (5x); Explanation (5x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (5x); Relating Variables (5x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (5x); Random Variables > Entropy (5x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (5x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (5x); Prediction > Hypotheses (4x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (4x); Constructs > Measurement (4x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (4x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #5: Refutation is Easier than Confirmation (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > unfalsifiable hypothesis (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > double-use data (4x); Writing Best Practices > Referential language (4x); Questions and Answers > Valid Assumptions (3x); Explanation > Exploration (3x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (3x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (3x); Constructs > Phenomena (3x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (3x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (3x); Random Variables > Quantiles (3x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (3x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (3x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (3x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (3x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (3x); Statistics > US Counties (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (3x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (3x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (3x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (3x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > overfitting (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > instrument decay (3x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (2x); Epistemology > Truth (2x); Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (2x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (2x); Citation > Second-hand citations (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (2x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (2x); The Null Hypothesis (2x); Constructs > Measure Quality (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (2x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (2x); Samples > Stratified Samples (2x); Samples > Matched Samples (2x); Random Variables (2x); Random Variables > Mode (2x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (2x); Free Response > Hierarchies (2x); Working with Human Participants (2x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (2x); Factor Analysis (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #3: Make a Prediction (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (2x); Probability Primer > Probability of multiple variables (2x); Probability Primer > Independence (2x); Epistemology (1x); Prediction > Falsification (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Better and Worse Hypotheses (1x); Citation > Framing citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Facts (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (1x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Constructs > Error (1x); Generalization (1x); Samples > The “population” (1x); Samples > Not just people (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (1x); Data Independence (1x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (1x); Measuring Humans (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (1x); Blind procedures (1x); Free Response (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Working with Human Participants > Time (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Don’t hover (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Meta Data (1x); Data Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Axes (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistics > Assumptions (1x); Regression to the Mean (1x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (1x); Linear Models > Covariance (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpretating NHST (1x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (1x); Reporting Results > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (1x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #2: Research Invites Failure (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #7: Compare Actual Observations with Control Observations (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad baculum argument (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > egocentric bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > confirmation bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > hindsight bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Final Advice (1x); Probability Primer > Likelihood (1x)
• observational study

  • An exploratory research inquiry, wherein researchers gather and analyze data with no a priori hypothesis, and no experimental manipulation. Also called a correlational study.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Types of Studies.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (7x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x)
• oddball (stimuli)

  • In psychological experiments, any unusual stimulus which “stands out” from other stimuli.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (6x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x)
• open interview

  • An interview where the questions are not entirely predetermined. The interviewer dynamically generates new (follow-up) questions based on answers from the interviewee; the interview becomes more of a “guided conversation.”
  • Introduced in Free Response > The Open Interview.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > The Open Interview (15x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (10x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (2x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (1x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (1x); Free Response > Markers (1x)
• operational definition, operationalize

  • A working model of a construct, created by a particular measurement protocol.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measurement.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Measurement (30x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (23x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (19x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (15x); Constructs > Construct Validity (14x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (10x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (6x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (6x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (6x); Sixty-Three Potholes > validity problem (6x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (4x); Constructs > Error (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (4x); Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous (4x); Measuring Humans (4x); Self Report > Converging Questions (4x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (4x); Quantifying Variables (3x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (3x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); Constructs > Human Judgement (2x); Constructs > Measure Quality (2x); Constructs > Reactivity (2x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (2x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (2x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (2x); Quantifying Variables > Quantifying Error (2x); Random Variables (2x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (2x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (2x); Human Reactivity (2x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (2x); Measuring Music > A Copyright Story (2x); Encoding Music > Continuous pitch (2x); Musical Features (2x); Sampling Music > Great Music (2x); Meta Data > Filenames (2x); Goodness-of-Fit (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (2x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (2x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (2x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (1x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x)
• order effects

  • Any ways in which the order data is measured influences the measurements. The most significant example is how the order of trials can affect human participant responses, as their responses are affected by their memory of previous trials.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Order effects.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Order effects (6x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (2x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• ordinal (variable)

  • A variable with levels that can be placed in a well-defined order.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (7x); Self Report > Scales (7x); Random Variables > Quantiles (5x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (3x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (2x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (2x); Normal Assumptions > Ordinal Categories (2x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (1x); Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio (1x); Self Report (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Statistics (1x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Effect Size > Interpretation (1x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (1x)
• over fitting

  • The tendency for statistical or machine learning models to fit too closely to the training/sample data, making the resulting model generalize poorly beyond the sample.
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (3x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (2x); Explanation > Exploration (1x)

P

• parameter

  • A variable in a mathematical model.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Parameterized Models.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Parameterized Models (14x); Statistics (12x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (7x); Statistics > Estimation (6x); Musical Features > Parameterization (5x); Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (4x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Model Summary: (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (4x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (3x); Random Variables > Proportions (3x); Linear Models > Multiple regression (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (3x); Statistical Tests (3x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (3x); Random Variables > Count Data (2x); Statistics > Notation (2x); Linear Models > Interpretation (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (2x); Effect Size (2x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Random Variables > Mean (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Standardization (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Normal Assumptions > Ordinal Categories (1x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• parameter (of population)

  • A hypothetical parameter describing a real-world data-generating process, the “population.”
  • Introduced in Statistics.
  • Used in…

    Statistics (5x); Statistics > Estimation (5x); Statistics > Notation (2x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• participant-observation method

  • Where a researcher gathers observation by actively interacting and engaging with members of a group they are studying, especially participating in their practices—playing music with them or attending concerts. The researcher attempts (to some extent) to become “one of the group,” so they can gain something close to an emic perspective.
  • Introduced in Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (3x)
• participants (research)

  • See human research participants.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (28x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (28x); Self Report > Question Wording (18x); Working with Human Participants (17x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (17x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (17x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (17x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (16x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (15x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (12x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (12x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (11x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (11x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (10x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (10x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (10x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (10x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (9x); Working with Human Participants > Time (9x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (9x); Working with Human Participants > Don’t hover (9x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (8x); Self Report > Scales (8x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (8x); Human-Research Ethics (8x); Blind procedures (7x); Free Response (7x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (7x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (6x); Constructs > Construct Validity (6x); Human Reactivity > Deception (6x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (6x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (5x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (5x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (5x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (5x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (5x); Experimental Stimuli (5x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (4x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (4x); Measuring Humans (4x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (4x); Human Reactivity (4x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (4x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (4x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (4x); Working with Human Participants > Interaction (4x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (3x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (3x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (3x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (3x); Constructs > Reactivity (3x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (3x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (3x); Self Report (3x); Instruments (3x); Free Response > The Open Interview (3x); Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (3x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Familiarity (3x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (3x); Reporting Results > Data Description (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (2x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (2x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (2x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (2x); Data Independence (2x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (2x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (2x); Self Report > Priming (2x); Self Report > Mixed labels (2x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (2x); Free Response > Interviews (2x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (2x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (2x); Meta Data (2x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (2x); Writing Best Practices > Dashes (2x); Grandmother Research > Examples (1x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Research Publication (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Stimuli (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Samples > Sampling Methods (1x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (1x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Standard Protocols (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Recruitment (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Describing data > Axes (1x); Statistics (1x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x); Reporting Results > Data Cleaning/Transformation (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Effect Size > Sample Size (1x); Power > Power Analysis (1x); Final Advice (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• peer review

  • The process by which serious academic scholarship is vetted and improved. Scholars volunteer their time to contribute to this essential process.
  • Introduced in Research Publication > Peer review.
  • Used in…

    Research Publication > Revisions and Response (11x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (10x); Research Publication > Who (9x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (8x); Research Publication > Peer review (7x); Citation > Why do we cite? (6x); Research Publication > Process (6x); Research Publication > Timeline (6x); Research Publication > Decision (5x); Facts > Piano Keys (5x); Citation > Deceptive citations (3x); Write the Paper First > 3. Increasing the likelihood of publishing negative results. (3x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (3x); Questions and Answers > Interest (2x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (2x); Definitions > Misuse of jargon (2x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (2x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (2x); Reporting Results (2x); Questions and Answers > Originality (1x); Prediction > Failure (1x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (1x); Research Publication > Conferences (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Facts > Assumptions (1x); Facts > Making Assumptions (1x); Constructs > Human Judgement (1x); Samples > Defining a population (1x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (1x); Musical Features > Parameterization (1x); Sampling Music > Great Music (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (1x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (1x); Power > Statistical Power (1x); Writing Best Practices > Spell check (1x); Plain-text writing > Citation (bibtex) (1x)
• performance (musical)

  • A behavior that creates musical sound, usually in some kind of formal or expected social context. May also include musical sounds created technologically with little (or no) direct, real-time human involvement.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > The Sound of Music.
  • Used in…

    Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (11x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (8x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (8x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (7x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (7x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (7x); Measuring Music > A Piece of Music (6x); Constructs > Measure Quality (5x); Measuring Music > The Sound of Music (5x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (5x); Pitfalls of NHST (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (3x); Scientific Methods > Observation (3x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (3x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (3x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (3x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (3x); Measuring Music > A Framework (3x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (3x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (3x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (3x); Reporting Results > Post-hoc concerns (3x); Citation > Topical citations (2x); Samples > Sampling Error (2x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (2x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (2x); Encoding Music (2x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (2x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (2x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (2x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (2x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (2x); Writing Best Practices > Referential language (2x); Citation > Second-hand citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (1x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Definitions > Citation (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Constructs > Human Judgement (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (1x); Samples > Defining a population (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Blind procedures (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Case study (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x); Meta Data > Dates (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (1x); Factor Analysis (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (1x); Final Advice (1x); Music Theory Primer (1x); Music Theory Primer > Beats and Tempo (1x)
• PET

  • Positron emission tomography.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (6x)
• phenomenon

  • An aspect of reality that we perceive or experience. A phenomenon is the perceived (a posteriori) equivalent of a mental (a priori) construct.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Phenomena.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Phenomena (9x); Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (7x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (4x); Free Response > The Open Interview (4x); Questions and Answers (3x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (3x); Measuring Humans (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (3x); Explanation (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (2x); Covariates and Control (2x); Constructs > Human Judgement (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (2x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (2x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (2x); Regression to the Mean (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > premature reduction (2x); Final Advice (2x); Epistephobia > Cherished beliefs (1x); Explanation > Exploration (1x); Explore Then Test (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Constructs (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Reductionism (1x); Reductionism > Methodological Reductionism (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (1x); Quantifying Variables > Quantifying Error (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Instruments (1x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Measuring Music > The Sound of Music (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Factor Analysis (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > overfitting (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > magnitude blindness (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > regression artifacts (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > spelunking (1x); Writing Best Practices > and Acronyms (1x)
• philosophical reductionism

  • The dubious philosophy that complex phenomena can be fully understood as being “just” combinations of simpler, more “fundamental” processes. Often confused with methodological reductionism, which is a useful tool for research, not a philosophy.
  • Introduced in Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism.
  • Used in…

    Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (7x)
• physiological measures (human participants)

  • Measuring aspects of the physical or neural state of human participants directly, without relying on their introspection or observing their behaviors. Examples include topical measures, metabolic measures, and neural measures.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (9x); Measuring Humans (3x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (3x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (2x); Human Reactivity (2x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Self Report (1x); Self Report > Converging Questions (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x)
• piece (of music)

  • A specific, but abstract, musical object, which can be performed with consistent (culturally determined) properties that make specific performances recognizable instances of the piece.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > A Piece of Music.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Music > A Piece of Music (16x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (9x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (7x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (6x); Facts (5x); Data Independence (4x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (4x); Musical Features > Symbolic Features (4x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (4x); Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (3x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (3x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (3x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (2x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (2x); Measuring Music > A Framework (2x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (2x); Musical Features (2x); Musical Features > Timing (2x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (2x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (2x); Epistemology > Mantras (1x); Scientific Rhetoric (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (1x); Research Publication > Mantras (1x); Facts > Assumptions (1x); Facts > Piano Keys (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (1x); Constructs > Human Judgement (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (1x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (1x); Free Response (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Familiarity (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Measuring Music > A Copyright Story (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Sampling Music > Great Music (1x); Meta Data > Dates (1x); Describing data > Spot Checking (1x); Describing data > Best practices (1x); Effect Size (1x); Effect Size > Sample Size (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > double-use data (1x)
• pile sorting

  • A technique for organizing qualitative data, by asking knowledgable participants to sort observations into piles, either freely or based on your instructions. The number of piles may be constrained a priori, or not.
  • Introduced in Free Response > Pile Sorting.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Pile Sorting (13x); Free Response > Hierarchies (7x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x)
• piloerection, pilomotor activity, pilomotory response

  • When small muscles in our skin contract to tighten our skin and straighten our hair. Commonly known as “goosebumps,” “goose flesh,” or “hair standing on end.” Often associates with strong emotional reactions and frisson.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (11x)
• pilot study

  • As part of a larger research inquiry, a pilot study is in an initial pseudo-inquiry designed to test the research methodologies used in the main inquiry. A pilot may be used to simply confirm that methods work as expected before doing the real work, or to explore multiple possible methods to see which best.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (6x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ceiling effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > floor effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > maturation confounds (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > instrument decay (1x)
• placebo

  • A fake medical treatment which can induce the placebo effect; In medical research, it is essential to include placebo conditions to control for the placebo effect.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (10x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (6x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (2x); Blind procedures (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x)
• placebo effect

  • The tendency for ill or injured people to recover more quickly (or at least feel better, subjectively), because they believe they are being treated, regardless of the nature of the treatment.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (5x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (3x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x)
• Poisson distribution

  • A common probability distribution family over the natural numbers (\(\mathbb{N}\)), used to describe count data with fixed time windows, by generalizing the binomial distribution to \(n = \infty\). Has one parameter, \(\lambda\) (lambda)$, which controls both the mean and variance of the distribution. The name refers to Siméon Denis Poisson.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Count Data.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Count Data (8x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x)
• population

  • In the context of research, a specific set of all possible data; either a specific finite set or a theoretical infinite set.
  • Introduced in Samples > The “population”.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit (20x); Samples > The “population” (16x); Statistics (14x); Samples > Defining a population (12x); Sampling Music (10x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (9x); Samples > Not just people (7x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (7x); Samples > Sampling Methods (6x); Statistics > Estimation (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (6x); Samples > Sampling Error (5x); Statistics > Confidence (5x); Statistics > Sample Size (5x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (4x); Samples > Sample Size (3x); Statistics > US Counties (3x); Samples > Stratified Samples (2x); Statistics > Notation (2x); Linear Models (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (2x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (2x); Power > Determining Power (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > shifting population problem (2x); Constructs (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Samples (1x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Instruments (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (1x); Data Analysis > Case study (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Statistics > Assumptions (1x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (1x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (1x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sampling bias (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• population parameter

  • See parameter (of population).
  • Introduced in Statistics.
  • Used in…

    Statistics > Estimation (5x); Statistics (4x); Statistics > Notation (2x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• positron emission tomography (PET)

  • A technique for measuring the prevalence of different neurochemicals in different brain regions, in three dimensions.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Neural Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (10x)
• predictive validity

  • Does an operational measure help predict future observations? An aspect of construct validity.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Assessing Validity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Assessing Validity (4x)
• predictor variable

  • A variable used to predict the value of another variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x); Covariates and Control (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x)
• probability distribution family

  • A set of related probability distributions with the same “structure,” defined by an equation using parameters to create specific distributions. For example, the binomial distribution and normal distribution are families of distributions.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Parameterized Models.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Parameterized Models (4x); Random Variables > Count Data (1x)
• problem of induction

  • Induction and empiricism cannot decisively prove any proposition to be true, because they have no basis for generalization.
  • Introduced in Epistemology > The Problem of Induction.
  • Used in…

    Epistemology > The Problem of Induction (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > unfalsifiable hypothesis (2x); Questions and Answers > Description (1x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (1x); The Null Hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (1x)
• procedure (experimental protocol)

  • In the context of human-participant research, the entire process of gathering data from a single (or group of) participants is called the procedure.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (22x); Constructs > Measurement (6x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (6x); Pitfalls of NHST (6x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (4x); Scientific Methods (4x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (4x); Samples > Sampling Methods (3x); Blind procedures (3x); Constructs > Human Judgement (2x); Samples > Sampling Error (2x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (2x); Effect Size > Not P values! (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Describe the data (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Constructs > Error (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Data Independence (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Preparation (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Power > Statistical Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x)
• proceedings

  • A book of (short) papers published by a scholarly society, based on work presented at a particular conference meeting.
  • Introduced in Research Publication.
  • Used in…

    Research Publication (8x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (3x); Research Publication > Timeline (2x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (1x); Scholarly Literature > Further Information (1x); Research Publication > Who (1x); Research Publication > Conferences (1x); Research Publication > Review (1x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x)
• progressive exposure

  • An approach to measuring dynamic musical experiences by playing music piecemeal, one short-segment at a time, and measuring participants’ response to the music after hearing each segment.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Timeline.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Timeline (4x)
• protocol

  • A formal measurement procedure; A set of rules to follow to measure something.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measurement.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (8x); Constructs > Measurement (6x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (5x); Measuring Humans (4x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (3x); Constructs > Human Judgement (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (2x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (2x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (2x); Free Response > The Interview Guide (2x); Working with Human Participants (2x); Working with Human Participants > Standard Protocols (2x); Scholarly Literature (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (1x); Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (1x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (1x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (1x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (1x)
• provenance (of data)

  • Where data (or metadata) came from—who made it? When? What procedures were used to make it?
  • Introduced in Meta Data > Descriptive.
  • Used in…

    Meta Data > Descriptive (2x)
• pupilometry

  • Measurements of the human pupil in real time. Observing changes in the size of the pupil can serve as a useful operational measure of concentration and surprise; the direction of gaze can also be measured using pupilometry.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (4x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (1x)

Q

• quantification

  • Associating levels of variables with numbers.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables.
  • Used in…

    Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (4x); Quantifying Variables (4x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research (3x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (3x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Mutual Disregard (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (1x); Quantifying Variables > Quantifying Error (1x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Random Variables > Quantiles (1x); Random Variables > Symmetry (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Encoding Music > Distance Metric (1x); Describing data > Effect Size and Direction (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x)
• quantiles (of distribution)

  • Points in a sample space that divide a distribution into specific proportions. For example, the median is the 50% quantile, with half of data below it and half above it.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Quantiles.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Quantiles (10x); Describing data > Numeric data (3x); Describing data > Box and Violin plots (2x); Describing data > Show everything (1x); Statistics > Confidence (1x)
• quartiles (of distribution)

  • The 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% quantiles, which divide a distribution into four equal proportions. For example, one quarter of observations will fall between the 25% and 50% quartiles, and another quarter between the 50% and 75% quartiles.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Quantiles.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Quantiles (5x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x)
• quasi-experiment

  • See natural experiment.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Types of Studies.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (4x)
• quota sampling

  • A sampling strategy where observations are sampled proportionally to the frequency of a particular level of a variable. For example, sampling people according to the proportion their racial group makes up in the US population.
  • Introduced in Samples > Stratified Samples.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Stratified Samples (1x)

R

• R-squared, \(R^2\)

  • See coefficient of determination.
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (8x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (2x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (2x)
• random error

  • Measurement error introduced by unknown covariates which don’t correlate with variables we care about in the context of our research. This error adds noise to our data, but doesn’t bias our results.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Error.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Error (3x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (3x); Quantifying Variables > Quantifying Error (2x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Describing data > Get the Gist (1x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (1x)
• random variable

  • A variable which might be different every time it is observed. A basic concept in statistics, used to model randomness in the real world.
  • Introduced in Random Variables.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables (7x); Random Variables > Entropy (4x); Linear Models > Covariance (3x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (2x); Random Variables > Mean (2x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Random Variables > Randomization (1x); Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models > Linear regression (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (1x); Probability Primer > Basic properties (1x); Probability Primer > Probability of multiple variables (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x)
• randomization

  • The technique of randomizing the presentation or combination of levels of research variables, in order to control for unexpected effects and interactions. Generally, any aspects of an experiment that can be randomized, should be.
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control > Randomization.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control > Randomization (10x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (10x); Samples > Sampling Methods (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (3x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (2x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (2x); Random Variables (2x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Data Independence > Avoiding Sticky Data (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Experimental Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x)
• range (of distribution)

  • The difference between the largest and smallest values in a distribution.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Quantiles.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Quantiles (8x); Describing data > Axes (8x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (4x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (3x); Describing data > Box and Violin plots (3x); Describing data > Show everything (3x); Statistics > Confidence (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Evaluating Fit (3x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (3x); Facts > Piano Keys (2x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (2x); Random Variables > Proportions (2x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (2x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (2x); Describing data > Numeric data (2x); Describing data > Numeric X Numeric X Numeric (2x); Statistics > Estimation (2x); Statistics > US Counties (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (2x); Writing Best Practices > Dashes (2x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Research Publication (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Samples > Sampling Methods (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (1x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Random Variables > Symmetry (1x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (1x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Measuring Music > A Piece of Music (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Sampling Music > Control (1x); Statistics (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x); Linear Models > Standardization (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (1x); Classification > ROC/AUC (1x); Factor Analysis > Pitch (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (1x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (1x); Probability Primer > Basic properties (1x); Probability Primer > Odds (1x)
• rank data, ranks

  • A variable consisting of ranked elements; for example, ranked from best to worst or earliest to latest. May appear to be a numeric variable but is best treated as ordinal in most cases.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (6x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x)
• ratio scale, ratio variable

  • A numeric variable where distances between values are consistent and meaningful, and where a meaningful zero is defined so that multiplication and ratios as also meaninful. (See interval scale for contrast.)
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio (5x); Random Variables > Mean (4x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (2x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Describing data > Scatter plots (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Interval (1x); Statistics (1x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Relationships (1x); Linear Models > Linear regression (1x); Linear Models > Scale (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x)
• reaction time

  • Measuring how quickly participants can respond to stimuli. Mainly used as an implicit measure for processing fluency and expectations.
  • Introduced in Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (8x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (1x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > maturation confounds (1x)
• reactivity (of measures)

  • The extent to which a measurement procedure affects the thing being measured.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Reactivity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Reactivity (8x); Human Reactivity (3x); Human Reactivity > Dealing with Reactivity (3x); Human Reactivity > Deception (2x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (2x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (1x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (1x); Human Reactivity > Concealment (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (1x)
• recency bias

  • The tendency for recent events to dominate our thoughts. In the context of human-participant research, there is a tendency for participants’ responses to be shaped by the end of long stimuli, because they heard the end more recently.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Timeline.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Timeline (3x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x)
• recording (sound, audio)

  • An analog or digital representation of a musical sound signal, which can be used to reproduce the original sound (approximately) using the appropriate playback technology.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts.
  • Used in…

    Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (9x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (8x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (6x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (6x); Meta Data > Dates (6x); Samples > Sampling Methods (4x); Musical Features (4x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (3x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (3x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (3x); Sampling Music (3x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (2x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (2x); Human Reactivity (2x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (2x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (2x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (2x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (2x); Meta Data > Descriptive (2x); Facts > Assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Constructs > Reactivity (1x); Samples > Defining a population (1x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x); Measuring Humans (1x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (1x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Free Response > Interviews (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (1x); Experimental Stimuli (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Measuring Music > A Framework (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (1x); Musical Features > Ease (1x); Musical Features > Audio Features (1x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x)
• reductionism (methodological)

  • A methodological approach to inquiry, wherein we break complex constructs and phenomena into simpler parts that can be studied in isolation. This simplifying process allows us to make concrete, falsifiable predictions, and thus rhetorically compelling conclusions, where it would be impossible to do so if we attempt to tackle the complex construct directly.
  • Introduced in Reductionism.
  • Used in…

    Reductionism > Philosophical Reductionism (12x); Reductionism (7x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Mutual Disregard (2x); Reductionism > Methodological Reductionism (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x); Measuring Humans (1x)
• regressand

  • In a regression model, the variable which is predicted by other variables.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x)
• regression to the mean

  • The (tautological) tendency for statistically extreme events to be followed by less extreme events. Often mistaken for a causal effect.
  • Introduced in Regression to the Mean.
  • Used in…

    Regression to the Mean (6x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (5x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (3x); Final Advice (1x)
• regressor

  • In a regression model, the variable used to predict another variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x)
• reliability (measurement)

  • How consistently a measure returns the same value when repeated in the same context.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measure Quality.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Measure Quality (30x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (7x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (4x); Measuring Humans (3x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (3x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (3x); Musical Features > Reliability (3x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (2x); Effect Size > Sample Size (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Quantifying Variables > Quantifying Error (1x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous pitch (1x); Musical Features (1x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > reliability problem (1x)
• repeated measures

  • When multiple observations are taken from the same source, or a cluster of similar sources. The term is most commonly used in psychology research, referring to multiple measurements taken from the same participants.
  • Introduced in Data Independence > Repeated measures.
  • Used in…

    Data Independence > Repeated measures (3x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (1x); Working with Human Participants > Repeated Measures (1x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (1x); Reporting Results > Data Description (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x)
• residual error, residuals

  • The difference between a model’s prediction and the true data value; \(y_i - \hat{y}_i\).
  • Introduced in Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison.
  • Used in…

    Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (15x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (3x); Linear Models > Linear regression (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (2x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x)
• response (human-participant)

  • A measured behavior or self report from a human research participant in response to a question prompt or other stimuli.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (22x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (14x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (13x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (11x); Self Report > Scales (10x); Human Reactivity (8x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (8x); Free Response (8x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (7x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (6x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (5x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (5x); Self Report > Forced-Choice (5x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (4x); Research Publication > Revisions and Response (3x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x); Constructs > Measurement (3x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (3x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (3x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (3x); Self Report > Question Wording (3x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (3x); Questions and Answers (2x); Relating Variables > Interactions (2x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (2x); Self Report (2x); Self Report > Priming (2x); Self Report > Mixed labels (2x); Free Response > Interviews (2x); Working with Human Participants (2x); Describing data > Axes (2x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Generalization (1x); Samples > Not just people (1x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (1x); Data Independence > Sequential data (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Free Responses (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (1x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instruct (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x); Describing data > Show everything (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > homogeneity bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > maturation confounds (1x)
• response bias

  • See volunteer bias.
  • Introduced in Samples > Sampling Fallacies.
  • Used in…

    Human Reactivity (4x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (3x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x)
• response variable

  • A dependent variable in human-participant research.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x)
• rhetoric

  • The art of persuasion. (Read more on Wikipedia > Rhetoric.)
  • Introduced in Scientific Rhetoric.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Rhetoric (17x); Scientific Rhetoric > Audience of Peers (4x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (4x); Prediction > Falsification (3x); Writing Best Practices > Tentative language (3x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (2x); Prediction > Knowledge (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (2x); Write the Paper First > 4. Clarifying the distinction between a priori and post hoc tests. (2x); Facts (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (2x); Definitions (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #2: Research Invites Failure (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #3: Make a Prediction (2x); Prediction > The Rhetoric Of Prophecy (1x); Prediction > Luck (1x); Explanation (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Explanation > Exploration (1x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Facts > Assumptions (1x); Facts > Making Assumptions (1x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x); Facts > Hedging assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (1x); Covariates and Control (1x); Constructs (1x); Reductionism (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Describing data > Visualization (1x); Describing data > Best practices (1x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (1x); Power (1x)
• RMS

  • See root mean square.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Numeric error.
  • Used in…

    Self Report > Question Wording (6x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (6x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (4x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (4x); Music Theory Primer (4x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x); Samples > Sampling Error (3x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (3x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (2x); Scientific Methods > Observation (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (2x); Definitions > Audience (2x); Definitions > Acronyms (2x); Definitions > Example (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (2x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (2x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (2x); Free Response > The Open Interview (2x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (2x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (2x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Model Summary: (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (2x); Statistical Tests > Non-linear effects (2x); Probability Primer > Transformations (2x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Explanation (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Abstract (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Anecdotal Evidence (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (1x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Definitions (1x); Definitions > Misuse of jargon (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (1x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Random Variables > Mean (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Self Report > Mixed labels (1x); Instruments (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (1x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (1x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Rhythm (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Meta Data > Filenames (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (1x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Evaluating Fit (1x); Reporting Results > Reporting (1x); Classification (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x)
• root mean square, RMS

  • A basic measure of numeric (interval or ratio) error: the square root of the average squared deviation (mean squared error) between measured numbers (interval or ratio) and the “true” value. Related to the standard deviation.
  • Introduced in Quantifying Variables > Numeric error.
  • Used in…

    Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (6x); Self Report > Question Wording (6x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (6x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (5x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (4x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (4x); Music Theory Primer (4x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x); Samples > Sampling Error (3x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (3x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (2x); Scientific Methods > Observation (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (2x); Definitions > Audience (2x); Definitions > Acronyms (2x); Definitions > Example (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (2x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (2x); Free Response > The Open Interview (2x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (2x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (2x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Model Summary: (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (2x); Statistical Tests > Non-linear effects (2x); Probability Primer > Transformations (2x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Explanation (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Abstract (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Anecdotal Evidence (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (1x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Definitions (1x); Definitions > Misuse of jargon (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (1x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Random Variables > Mean (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Self Report > Mixed labels (1x); Instruments (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (1x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Loudness (1x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (1x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Rhythm (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Musical Features > Audio Features (1x); Meta Data > Filenames (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (1x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Evaluating Fit (1x); Reporting Results > Reporting (1x); Classification (1x); Factor Analysis > Multi-Dimensional Scaling (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (1x); Effect Size > Error (1x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x)

S

• sample

  • A finite set of observations. Always a subset of the population of observations which we could observe.
  • Introduced in Samples.
  • Used in…

    Statistics > Sampling Distribution (41x); Goodness-of-Fit (31x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (31x); Samples > Stratified Samples (30x); Data Independence (30x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (25x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (23x); Samples > Convenience (19x); Samples > Sampling Error (18x); Samples > Sampling Methods (18x); Statistics (17x); Data Independence > Sample size (15x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (14x); Effect Size > Sample Size (14x); Samples > Sample Size (13x); Sampling Music > Control (13x); Power > Determining Power (13x); Statistics > Confidence (12x); Statistics > Sample Size (12x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (12x); Effect Size > Error (12x); Samples > Defining a population (10x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (10x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (9x); Samples > Matched Samples (9x); Free Response > Snowball Sampling (9x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (9x); Statistics > Estimation (9x); Statistics > US Counties (9x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (8x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (8x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (8x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (7x); Samples (7x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (7x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (7x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (7x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (7x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (6x); Samples > The “population” (6x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (6x); Sampling Music > Sampling Criteria (6x); Statistics > Assumptions (6x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (5x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (5x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (5x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (5x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (5x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (5x); Covariates and Control > Control (4x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (4x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (4x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (4x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (4x); Effect Size > Not P values! (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > sampling bias (4x); Random Variables > Randomization (3x); Random Variables > Mean (3x); Sampling Music (3x); Sampling Music > Great Music (3x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (3x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (3x); Describing data > Spot Checking (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (3x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (3x); Pitfalls of NHST (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (3x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (2x); Samples > Not just people (2x); Random Variables > Quantiles (2x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (2x); Data Independence > Sequential data (2x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (2x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (2x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (2x); Meta Data (2x); Meta Data > Formatting (2x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (2x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (2x); Statistics > Notation (2x); Linear Models > Covariance (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (2x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (2x); Final Advice (2x); Epistemology > Error (1x); Prediction > Hypotheses (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Citation > How to Cite (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Constructs > Error (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (1x); Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (1x); Random Variables > Mode (1x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (1x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (1x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (1x); Free Response > Interview Advice (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (1x); Measuring Music > A Framework (1x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x); Meta Data > Dates (1x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (1x); Describing data > Inspecting Data (1x); Describing data > Get the Gist (1x); Describing data > Categorical data (1x); Describing data > Numeric data (1x); Linear Models (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (1x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (1x); Reporting Results > Graphs (1x); Effect Size (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > overfitting (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > regression artifacts (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > homogeneity bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > mortality problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > shifting population problem (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x)
• sampling distribution

  • The distribution of statistics calculated from independent samples from the same population. A fundamental concept in classical (frequentist) statistics.
  • Introduced in Statistics > Sampling Distribution.
  • Used in…

    Statistics > Sampling Distribution (9x); Statistics > Confidence (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (4x); Goodness-of-Fit (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (2x); Power > Determining Power (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Statistics > Sample Size (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (1x); Reporting Results > Graphs (1x)
• sampling with replacement

  • When the same element from a population can (potentially) be sampled multiple times. (Only relevant for finite populations.) The idea is that after each element is sampled, it is “put back” (replaced) into the population before the next sample is taken.
  • Introduced in Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement.
  • Used in…

    Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (3x)
• sampling without replacement

  • When each element in a statistical population can only be sampled once. (Only relevant for finite populations.) The idea is that after each element is sampled, it is removed (no replacement) from the population before the next sample is taken.
  • Introduced in Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement.
  • Used in…

    Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (3x)
• scholarship

  • The practice of evaluating and disseminating new knowledge by preparing, reviewing, and publishing papers that both draw from and add to the body of human knowledge as represented in a body of written literature.
  • Introduced in Citation.
  • Used in…

    Citation (10x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (7x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (3x); Research Publication (3x); Scientific Rhetoric (2x); Research Publication > Peer review (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > skills neglect (2x); Epistemology > Conventional Knowledge (1x); Epistemology > Skepticism (1x); Citation > Quotations (1x); Citation > Framing citations (1x); Citation > Mantras (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (1x); Definitions (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #2: Research Invites Failure (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > bottom-drawer effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > double-use data (1x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (1x)
• scientific method

  • There is not one “The Scientific Method.” Specific methodology must be prepared and vetted for each new research inquiry (though there are many standard approaches). However, the core aspects of good science (and good research in general) include rigorous skepticism, humble and transparent rhetoric, the synthesis of induction (empiricism) and deduction (theory), and (in the ideal case) falsifiable, a priori predictions.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods (2x); Prediction > Luck (1x); Scientific Methods > Validity (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x)
• score (musical)

  • A encoding of the information a trained, knowledgable performer needs to perform a specific piece of music.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts.
  • Used in…

    Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (10x); Measuring Music > Derived Musical Artifacts (7x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (7x); Classification > Multinomial Classification (7x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (6x); Constructs > Measure Quality (4x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (4x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (4x); Encoding Music > Discrete time (4x); Facts > Piano Keys (3x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (3x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (3x); Measuring Music > A Piece of Music (3x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (3x); Classification > Precision/Recall/F1 (3x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (2x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (2x); Constructs > Reactivity (2x); Samples > Convenience (2x); Data Independence (2x); Measuring Humans (2x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (2x); Measuring Music > A Framework (2x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (2x); Sampling Music (2x); Reporting Results > Data Cleaning/Transformation (2x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Count Data (1x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (1x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (1x); Instruments (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Familiarity (1x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Relative pitch (1x); Encoding Music > Continuous time (1x); Musical Features (1x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Classification > ROC/AUC (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x); Music Theory Primer > Meter (1x)
• SCR

  • Skin-conductance response. See galvanic skin response.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (3x)
• SE

  • Acronym of standard error.
  • Introduced in Statistics > Sampling Distribution.
  • Used in…

    Statistics > Sampling Distribution (3x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x)
• self report

  • Measuring a person’s thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by explicitely asking them to report or indicate them in some form. The most common, and important, form of human measurement.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Introspection.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Introspection (9x); Self Report (5x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (4x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (3x); Self Report > Converging Questions (3x); Self Report > Question Wording (2x); Free Response (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (2x); Human Reactivity (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (1x); Musical Features > Ease (1x)
• Shannon entropy

  • See entropy. The name refers to Claude Shannon (1948).
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Entropy.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Entropy (3x)
• shibboleth

  • An arbitrary term used to demonstrate membership in a group. Bad researchers use jargon as shibboleths, not to improve communication.
  • Introduced in Definitions > Misuse of jargon.
  • Used in…

    Definitions > Misuse of jargon (5x)
• simple effect

  • The effect of one variable when other variables in the design are held constant.
  • Introduced in Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables.
  • Used in…

    Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (3x); Relating Variables > Interactions (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (1x)
• simple random sampling

  • An (ideal) sampling approach, wherein every element of the population is equally likely to be sampled.
  • Introduced in Samples > Sampling Methods.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Sampling Methods (2x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x)
• sinusoidal, sinusoid

  • A sine wave.
  • Introduced in Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli.
  • Used in…

    Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (4x)
• skew (of distribution)

  • The average of cubed normalized deviations between a set of numbers and its mean. The most fundamental metric of asymmetry for numeric distributions.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Symmetry.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Symmetry (12x); Random Variables > Multi-modal problems (2x); Questions and Answers > Valid Assumptions (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Describing data (1x)
• skin-conductance response

  • See galvanic skin response, which is a synonym.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (4x)
• snowball sampling

  • An approach to participant sampling where each sampled participant helps recruit more (appropriate) participants that they know. A form of convenient cluster sampling, which should be viewed skeptically, but which may be necessary in some cases.
  • Introduced in Free Response > Snowball Sampling.
  • Used in…

    Free Response > Snowball Sampling (5x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (1x); Free Response > Interview Advice (1x)
• social behavior

  • Gross behaviors that involve interactions between people. For example, talking, smiling, or dancing.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Social Behaviors.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Social Behaviors (7x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (3x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (3x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (2x); Measuring Humans (1x)
• “soft” sciences

  • Scientific fields that study the most complex phenomena in the universe, like human societies, behaviors, feelings, and beliefs, and the human nervous system itself. Because the research constructs studied are extremely complex, operational definitions must be highly reductive, relevant covariates are impossible to control or even identify, and measurements and predictive models can be unreliable and highly noisy. Since the constructs being studied are highly relevant to humans—personally, socially, and culturally—, it is relatively difficult to prevent systematic human biases from influencing results. As a result, research claims can seem subjective and “wishy washy,” or “soft”.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans (2x)
• spread (of distribution)

  • See dispersion.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (1x)
• standard error

  • A special name given to the standard deviation of a sampling distribution of means. The standard error is \(\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{N}}\). Often abbreviated SE or Std. Error.
  • Introduced in Statistics > Sampling Distribution.
  • Used in…

    Statistics > Sampling Distribution (9x); Goodness-of-Fit (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (3x); Statistics > Assumptions (2x); Statistics > Sample Size (2x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (2x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (1x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (1x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (1x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (1x)
• standard normal distribution

  • A specific case of the normal distribution, where \(\mu = 0\) and \(\sigma = 1\).
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Normal Distribution.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Normal Distribution (3x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (3x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x)
• static behavior

  • Behaviors with long term effects on lifestyle or appearance. For example, choosing hair-styles, clothing, or what kind of car to buy.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (3x); Measuring Humans (1x)
• statistic

  • A number calculated from a sample of data.
  • Introduced in Statistics.
  • Used in…

    Statistics (23x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (12x); Statistics > Estimation (11x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (11x); Write the Paper First > 5. Anticipating the statistical analysis. (9x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (9x); Reporting Results > Seeking Help (9x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests - General Remarks (8x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (8x); Regression to the Mean (7x); Reporting Results > Reporting (7x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (7x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (6x); Goodness-of-Fit (6x); Power > Statistical Power (6x); Random Variables > Mean (5x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (5x); Reporting Results > Statistical Significance (5x); Effect Size (5x); Pitfalls of NHST (5x); Facts > Piano Keys (4x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (4x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (4x); Linear Models (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Finding fit (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Interpreting P-values (4x); Reporting Results > Parametric vs. Non-parametric Tests (4x); Effect Size > Interpretation (4x); Effect Size > Sample Size (4x); Power (4x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (3x); Anecdotal Evidence > Stories (3x); Samples > The “population” (3x); Describing data > Visualization (3x); Statistics > Sample Size (3x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > P values (3x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (3x); Normal Assumptions (3x); Pitfalls of NHST > Community Fears (3x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (3x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (3x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (2x); Facts > Making Assumptions (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); The Null Hypothesis > Writing about null hypotheses (2x); Constructs > Error (2x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (2x); Random Variables > Proportions (2x); Data Independence > Sample size (2x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (2x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (2x); Describing data > A story (2x); Statistics > Confidence (2x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (2x); Linear Models > Covariance (2x); Linear Models > Standardization (2x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Model Summary: (2x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Over fitting (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Cross-Validation (2x); Reporting Results (2x); Reporting Results > Degrees of Freedom (2x); Factor Analysis (2x); Effect Size > Reporting Effect Size (2x); Effect Size > Not P values! (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (2x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (2x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (2x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (2x); Prediction > Luck (1x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Citation > Deceptive citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Write the Paper First > 3. Increasing the likelihood of publishing negative results. (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (1x); Relating Variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Definitions > Audience (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Samples > Sampling Error (1x); Samples > Sample Size (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (1x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (1x); Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (1x); Data Independence (1x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (1x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (1x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Get the Gist (1x); Describing data > Anscombe’s Quartet (1x); Describing data > Best practices (1x); Statistics > Notation (1x); Statistics > Assumptions (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results > Graphs (1x); Reporting Results > Post-hoc concerns (1x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (1x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Power > Determining Power (1x); Power > Power Analysis (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > magnitude blindness (1x); Statistical Tests (1x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (1x); Statistical Tests > T-test (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x); Statistical Tests > Reporting (1x); Probability Primer > Likelihood (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x); Writing Best Practices > and Acronyms (1x); Writing Best Practices > Quotes (1x)
• statistical population

  • See population,
  • Introduced in Samples > The “population”.
  • Used in…

    Samples > The “population” (2x); Sampling Music > With or Without Replacement (1x); Linear Models (1x)
• stimuli, stimulus (in human participant experiment)

  • Something exposed to a human participant to elicit a measured response. In the context of music psychology research, stimuli are usually short audio recordings, but stimuli can also be visual—including images and/or text—, tactile, olfactory, or any multi-sensory combination.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (19x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (12x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (9x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (8x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (8x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (8x); Experimental Stimuli (7x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (7x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Stimuli (5x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (4x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (4x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (4x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (4x); Experimental Stimuli > Loudness (4x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (3x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Familiarity (2x); Citation > How to Cite (1x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (1x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Validate the data (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (1x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (1x); Reporting Results > Data Description (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x)
• stopping condition

  • When you stop gathering more data. The stopping condition should not be based on the post hoc inspection or analysis of the data as you gather it, as this may bias results.
  • Introduced in Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition.
  • Used in…

    Pitfalls of NHST > Stopping Condition (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (1x)
• stratified sampling

  • A sampling strategy where observations are sampled equally from groups defined by a variable. For example, sampling an equal number of rock, jazz, hip hop, and folk songs.
  • Introduced in Samples > Stratified Samples.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Stratified Samples (6x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x)
• study

  • Another word for a research inquiry.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods.
  • Used in…

    Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (16x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (14x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (14x); Scientific Methods (7x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (7x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (7x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (6x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (6x); Working with Human Participants > Time (6x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (5x); Free Response > Emic and Etic perspectives (5x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (5x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (4x); Constructs (4x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (4x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (4x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (4x); Sampling Music > Popular Music (4x); Meta Data > Dates (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (4x); Explore Then Test (3x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (3x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (3x); Constructs > Construct Validity (3x); Constructs > Reactivity (3x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (3x); Samples > Matched Samples (3x); Measuring Humans (3x); Human Reactivity > Deception (3x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (3x); Working with Human Participants (3x); Measuring Music > A Framework (3x); Sampling Music > Great Music (3x); Statistics > Sample Sizes (3x); Effect Size > Interpretation (3x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (3x); Epistemology (2x); Citation > Topical citations (2x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (2x); Write the Paper First (2x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (2x); Covariates and Control (2x); Definitions > Scope (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Quantitative Methods (2x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (2x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (2x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Measuring Humans > Gross Behaviors (2x); Human Reactivity > Demand Characteristics (2x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (2x); Free Response > The Open Interview (2x); Working with Human Participants > Recruitment (2x); Working with Human Participants > Research Sessions (2x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (2x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (2x); Human-Research Ethics > Recruitment (2x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (2x); Musical Features > Reliability (2x); Data Analysis > Case study (2x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (2x); Final Advice (2x); Questions and Answers > Well Informed (1x); Questions and Answers > Originality (1x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Citation > Deceptive citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Research Publication > Conferences (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Abstract (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Procedure / Protocol (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Helping Readers (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Facts > Supporting assumptions (1x); Facts > Piano Keys (1x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); Relating Variables > Direction (1x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Constructs > Measurement (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Constructs > Assessing Validity (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Samples (1x); Samples > Stratified Samples (1x); Samples > Convenience (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Behavioral Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Static Behaviors (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (1x); Self Report (1x); Self Report > Priming (1x); Instruments > Developing Instruments (1x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (1x); Free Response > Freelisting and Pile Sorting (1x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (1x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (1x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Working with Human Participants > Standard Protocols (1x); Working with Human Participants > Consent (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Familiarity (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Consent (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (1x); Measuring Music > A Piece of Music (1x); Measuring Music > Measurement Decisions (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Musical Features (1x); Sampling Music (1x); Sampling Music > Control (1x); Data Analysis > Speak for Yourself (1x); Statistics > US Counties (1x); Linear Models (1x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (1x); Reporting Results (1x); Factor Analysis (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Accounting for Multiple Tests (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad-hoc hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > bottom-drawer effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > multiple tests (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ceiling effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > floor effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > maturation confounds (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > mortality problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > instrument decay (1x); Writing Best Practices > Narrative citation (1x); Writing Best Practices > Scare quotes (1x)
• subjects (research)

  • An old-fashioned way to refer to human research participants. Please use the modern term.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants (7x); Write the Paper First (1x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (1x)
• survivorship bias

  • When a sampling scheme is (consciously, or unconsciously) biased towards data points that have “survived” some sort of filtering process. This could be literal survival (excluding data points that died before sampling) or figurative, like interesting memories “surviving” while uninteresting memories are forgotten.
  • Introduced in Samples > Sampling Fallacies.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Sampling Fallacies (4x)
• systematic control/sampling

  • Systematically crossing all levels of independent variables with covariates, so as to average out the effect of the covariate, and thus control for it.
  • Introduced in Covariates and Control > Control.
  • Used in…

    Covariates and Control > Control (3x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (3x); Samples > Sampling Error (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Data / Sample (1x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (1x); Samples > Sample Size (1x); Data Independence > Repeated measures (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x)
• systematic error

  • Measurement error that correlates with variables that we care about in the context of our research. This type of error can bias our results, and can’t be removed through statistical averaging.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Error.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Error (4x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Data Analysis > Data Analysis Goals (1x)

T

• tails (of distribution)

  • The extreme ends of unbounded numeric probability distributions, which often “taper off” to increasingly small values. Some distributions have both upper and lower tails, while others have only one, or none (if they are bounded). The “weight” of the tails can be characterized using as kurtosis.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Symmetry.
  • Used in…

    Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Tails (13x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (8x); Random Variables > Symmetry (6x); Scientific Methods (5x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (4x); Free Response > Conducting the Interview (4x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (4x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (3x); Research Publication > Decision (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (3x); The Null Hypothesis > Direction vs Effect (3x); Constructs > Human Judgement (3x); Describing data > Numeric data (3x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (3x); Citation > Topical citations (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Organization (2x); Anecdotal Evidence (2x); Free Response (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (2x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (2x); Regression to the Mean > The Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > discovery fallacy (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad baculum argument (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positivist fallacy (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > unfalsifiable hypothesis (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > double-use data (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > anti-operationalizing problem (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > expectancy effect (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > hypocrisy (2x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Grandmother Research > Examples (1x); Citation > Why do we cite? (1x); Citation > Framing citations (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Scholarly Literature > Further Information (1x); Research Publication > Process (1x); Research Publication > Revisions and Response (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Citing methods (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Not just noise (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (1x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (1x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (1x); Samples > Defining a population (1x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Introspection (1x); Free Response > Interviews (1x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Symbolic vs Audio Data (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Common Encodings (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Musical Features > Parameterization (1x); Sampling Music > Elements of the Population (1x); Meta Data > Best Practices (1x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (1x); Describing data > Get the Gist (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > t distribution (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Significance Testing (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Reporting (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Classification > Classification Performance (1x); Power > Determining Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST (1x); Music Theory Primer > Pitch (1x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (1x)
• task (human-participant)

  • In the context of human-participant measurement, the complete action performed by each participant and measured by the researcher. For example, a typical music psychology task might involve listening to a musical excerpt and then rating some property of the excerpt on a Likert scale. This whole process—listening (exposure) and then rating (response)—would be the experimental task.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Working with Human Participants > Procedure (11x); Working with Human Participants > Confidence Building (10x); Human Reactivity > Implicit Measures (9x); Working with Human Participants > Timeline (9x); Free Response > Pile Sorting (6x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (5x); Anecdotal Evidence (4x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (3x); Human Reactivity > Performance Tasks (3x); Self Report (3x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (3x); Musical Features > Reliability (3x); Scholarly Literature > Full Reading (2x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (2x); Instruments (2x); Free Response > Hierarchies (2x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (2x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (2x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ceiling effect (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > floor effect (2x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Post-hoc tests (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Constructs > Measure Quality (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Self Report > Mixed labels (1x); Instruments > Musical “Instruments” (1x); Instruments > Musical Sophistication (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Human variables (1x); Working with Human Participants > Interacting with Human Participants (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Protocols (1x); Musical Features > Audio Features (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x); Goodness-of-Fit (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (1x)
• test-retest reliability

  • How reliable a measure is if used multiple times in the same context. For example, asking the same person the same question twice, but on different days.
  • Introduced in Constructs > Measure Quality.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Measure Quality (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x)
• theoretical definition

  • A formal description and model of a construct studied or referenced in a theory or research inquiry, describing its relevant properties and how they relate to other constructs.
  • Introduced in Constructs.
  • Used in…

    Constructs (4x)
• theory

  • A theory is an explanation of a phenomenon; explaining some aspect of why or how that phenomenon occurs. Theoretical explanations are usually causal, meaning they explain what causes something to happen. The answer to a “why” question is a theory.
  • Introduced in Questions and Answers.
  • Used in…

    Explore Then Test > Double-Use Data (21x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (16x); Sixty-Three Potholes > unfalsifiable hypothesis (10x); Prediction > Hypotheses (8x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (8x); Sixty-Three Potholes > double-use data (8x); Questions and Answers (6x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (4x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (4x); Random Variables > Entropy (4x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (4x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (4x); Covariates and Control (3x); Factor Analysis (3x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #2: Research Invites Failure (3x); Epistemology > Science (2x); Questions and Answers > Description (2x); Explanation (2x); Explore Then Test (2x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Prioritizing Hypotheses (2x); Citation > Why do we cite? (2x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (2x); Encoding Music > Encoding Musical Knowledge (2x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (2x); Describing data (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #3: Make a Prediction (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > inertia fallacy (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > confirmation bias (2x); Music Theory Primer (2x); Writing Best Practices > Narrative citation (2x); Epistephobia > Cherished beliefs (1x); Prediction > Knowledge (1x); Explanation > Hindsight (1x); Explanation > Exploration (1x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Discovery vs. Justification (1x); Hypotheses - Good and Bad > Better and Worse Hypotheses (1x); Citation > Deceptive citations (1x); Citation > How to Cite (1x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (1x); Research Publication > Conferences (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Title (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Results (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Conclusion (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Write the Paper First > 3. Increasing the likelihood of publishing negative results. (1x); Facts (1x); Anecdotal Evidence > The Dangers of Anecdotes (1x); Scientific Methods (1x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Definitions > Audience (1x); Constructs (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Samples > Not just people (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous (1x); Free Response > Analyzing Coded Topics (1x); Working with Human Participants > Describe (1x); Encoding Music (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Meta Data > Descriptive (1x); Data Analysis (1x); Data Analysis > Case study (1x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (1x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad baculum argument (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > relativist fallacy (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > ad-hoc hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > positive results bias (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > exclusion problem (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > spelunking (1x); Music Theory Primer > Beats and Tempo (1x)
• topical citation

  • Citing literature that is related to your topic, but not directly relevant to your immediate paper.
  • Introduced in Citation > Topical citations.
  • Used in…

    Citation > Topical citations (5x)
• topical measurement

  • Measurements of the skin, typically as indirect operational measures of mental or physical state. Examples include galvanic skin response and electromygraphy.
  • Introduced in Measuring Humans > Topical Measures.
  • Used in…

    Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (8x); Measuring Humans (1x); Human Reactivity (1x)
• treatment variable

  • An independent variable in clinical research, with levels related to different medical/psychological treatments (or placebos). Sometimes used more generically in psychology as a synonym for independent variable.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental variables.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x)
• trial (human-participant research)

  • Each time a human participant completes an experimental task, like listening to a stimulus and answering a question, is a single trial.
  • Introduced in Working with Human Participants > Procedure.
  • Used in…

    Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (9x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (8x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (4x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (2x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (2x); Blind procedures (1x); Working with Human Participants > Instructions (1x); Working with Human Participants > Answer inertia (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > placebo effect (1x)
• true experiment

  • A research inquiry wherein researchers manipulate one or more independent variables and observe if the resulting effect (if any) on one or more dependent variables matches their hypothesis. Creates a scenario where a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables can be falsified.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Types of Studies.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (7x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (2x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (2x)

U

V

• validity

  • Whether conclusions and knowledge drawn from a research inquiry are justified.
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Validity.
  • Used in…

    Constructs > Assessing Validity (26x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (9x); Scientific Methods > Validity (7x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (7x); Scientific Methods > Observation (6x); Constructs > Construct Validity (4x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (3x); Instruments > Validity and Reliability (3x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (3x); Samples (2x); Measuring Humans (2x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (2x); Human Reactivity (2x); Self Report > Converging Questions (2x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (2x); Musical Features > Reliability (2x); Scientific Rhetoric > Audience of Peers (1x); Citation > Literature in a paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Facts > Hedging assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (1x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (1x); Definitions > Citation (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Quantifying Variables (1x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (1x); Human Reactivity > Cooperation…or not (1x); Free Response > Interviews (1x); Free Response > Sorting and Coding topics (1x); Working with Human Participants (1x); Working with Human Participants > Debrief (1x); Experimental Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Encoding Music > Qualitative and Quantitative Encoding (1x); Encoding Music > Pieces or Performances (1x); Encoding Music > Onsets and Offsets (1x); Musical Features > Parameterization (1x); Sampling Music (1x); Meta Data > Biographical and Historical (1x); Data Analysis > Inferential Analysis (1x); Describing data (1x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (1x); Linear Models (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > problem of induction (1x)
• variable

  • A phenomenon or concept that can be measured, where the measurements can result in at least two distinct values (two or more levels).
  • Introduced in Scientific Methods > Experimental Design.
  • Used in…

    Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (71x); Covariates and Control (33x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Conditions (25x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical and Ordinal variables (25x); Random Variables (18x); Random Variables > Parameterized Models (18x); Linear Models > Covariance (18x); Relating Variables > Multiple independent variables (17x); Relating Variables (16x); Covariates and Control > Control (15x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (15x); Relating Variables > Three-way correlations (14x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (14x); Random Variables > Modeling Random Variables (14x); Human Reactivity > Experimental Design (14x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (14x); Linear Models > Multiple regression (14x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (11x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (11x); Normal Assumptions > Likes (11x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (11x); Covariates and Control > Confounding variables (10x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (9x); Linear Models > Curved relationships (9x); Normal Assumptions > Logistic Regression (9x); Factor Analysis (9x); Probability Primer > Probability of multiple variables (9x); Scientific Methods > Effect size (8x); Samples > Stratified Samples (8x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (8x); Relating Variables > Interactions (7x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (7x); Random Variables > Entropy (7x); Data Analysis > Modeling data (7x); Goodness-of-Fit > Model Evaluation and Comparison (7x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (6x); Reductionism > A Story About Farming (6x); Samples > Sampling Error (6x); Blind procedures (6x); Describing data > Two Dimensions (6x); Linear Models > Interpretation (6x); Effect Size (6x); Probability Primer > Independence (6x); Relating Variables > Direction (5x); Constructs > Error (5x); Measuring Humans (5x); Describing data > Standard Plots (5x); Describing data > Numeric data (5x); Describing data > Numeric X Categorical X Categorical (5x); Linear Models > Linear regression (5x); Linear Models > Shark Attacks (5x); Linear Models > General Linear Models (5x); Classification (5x); Sixty-Three Potholes > third variable problem (5x); Statistical Tests > Effect Types (5x); Statistical Tests > Simple Regression (5x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (4x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (4x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (4x); Samples > Matched Samples (4x); Quantifying Variables (4x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (4x); Random Variables > Mean (4x); Data Independence (4x); Measuring Humans > Operational Definitions (4x); Blind procedures > Double Blind (4x); Working with Human Participants > Order effects (4x); Linear Models > Scale (4x); Linear Models > Interpreting interactions (4x); Goodness-of-Fit (4x); Normal Assumptions > Non-normal error (4x); Normal Assumptions > Complex models (4x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (3x); Relating Variables > Beyond three dimensions (3x); Covariates and Control > Micro-financing (3x); Constructs > Measurement (3x); Quantifying Variables > Levels of measurement (3x); Quantifying Variables > Interval vs Ratio (3x); Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous (3x); Quantifying Variables > Categorical error (3x); Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (3x); Random Variables > Quantiles (3x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (3x); Data Analysis > Descriptive Analysis (3x); Describing data > Categorical data (3x); Describing data > Three (or more) Dimensions (3x); Describing data > Axes (3x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (3x); Linear Models > Polynomial Regression (3x); Goodness-of-Fit > Least Squares (3x); Normal Assumptions (3x); Normal Assumptions > Latent variables (3x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (3x); Statistical Tests (3x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Design (2x); Scientific Methods (2x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation (2x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (2x); Reductionism > Reductive Theory (2x); Samples > Sampling Methods (2x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (2x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Rank Data (2x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric variables (2x); Quantifying Variables > Linearity (2x); Quantifying Variables > Quantifying Error (2x); Random Variables > Count Data (2x); Random Variables > Mode (2x); Data Independence > Sequential data (2x); Human Reactivity > Social Desirability Bias (2x); Working with Human Participants (2x); Working with Human Participants > Procedure (2x); Experimental Stimuli (2x); Experimental Stimuli > Semi-Artificial Stimuli (2x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (2x); Describing data (2x); Describing data > Aggregate Checking (2x); Describing data > Numeric X Numeric X Numeric (2x); Statistics (2x); Linear Models (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (2x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (2x); Reporting Results > Post-hoc concerns (2x); Reporting Results > More About Reporting (2x); Normal Assumptions > Ordinal Categories (2x); Classification > Classification Performance (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > validity problem (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > range restriction effect (2x); Statistical Tests > T-test (2x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (2x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Hypothesis (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Write the Paper first (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Describe the data (1x); Write the Paper First > 1. Doing things right. (1x); Definitions (1x); Constructs > Phenomena (1x); Constructs > Human Judgement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Satellite Story (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (1x); Samples (1x); Quantifying Variables > Bounded and Unbounded (1x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (1x); Random Variables > Randomization (1x); Random Variables > Normal Distribution (1x); Random Variables > Other important distributions (1x); Random Variables > Entropy units (1x); Data Independence > Auditions and Music Adjudications (1x); Data Independence > Statistical Independence (1x); Measuring Humans > Physiological Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > (Dis)Advantages of Physiological measures (1x); Human Reactivity > Deception (1x); Self Report > Scales (1x); Self Report > Question Wording (1x); Working with Human Participants > Final Steps (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Ecological Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Controlled Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Length (1x); Encoding Music > Distance Metric (1x); Meta Data (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Describing data > Spot Checking (1x); Describing data > Visualization (1x); Describing data > Scatter plots (1x); Describing data > Categorical X Interval (1x); Describing data > Effect Size and Direction (1x); Describing data > Show everything (1x); Statistics > Confidence (1x); Statistics > Unequal sample sizes (1x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Relationships (1x); Linear Models > Interpretation (1x); Linear Models > Standardization (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (1x); Reporting Results > Graphs (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical tests (1x); Normal Assumptions > Mixture Models (1x); Classification > Statistical Classification (1x); Effect Size > It’s all relative (1x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (1x); Effect Size > Not P values! (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > order effect (1x); Statistical Tests > Non-linear effects (1x); Probability Primer > Notation and terminology (1x); Probability Primer > Basic properties (1x); Probability Primer > Important rules! (1x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (1x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (1x)
• variance

  • The average squared deviation between a set of numbers and its mean. The most fundamental metric of numeric dispersion and error in statistics. Equivalent to the mean squared error, except only used to variation around the center of a distribution.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mean.
  • Used in…

    Linear Models > Covariance (24x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (10x); Random Variables > Mean (9x); Goodness-of-Fit > Why Least Squares? (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Degrees of Freedom (8x); Statistical Tests > Sampling Distribution (8x); Goodness-of-Fit > Comparing fit (7x); Linear Models > Interpretation (5x); Goodness-of-Fit (5x); Random Variables > Count Data (4x); Linear Models > Simple Linear Model Summary: (4x); Linear Models > Interpretation (4x); Goodness-of-Fit > Variance (4x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing > Null Parameters (4x); Quantifying Variables > Numeric error (3x); Linear Models > Scale (3x); Effect Size > Error (3x); Effect Size > Coefficient of Determination (3x); Random Variables > Multi-modal problems (2x); Describing data > Anscombe’s Quartet (2x); Goodness-of-Fit > Maximum Likelihood (2x); Effect Size > Standardized metrics (2x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Random Variables > Characterizing Random Variables (1x); Random Variables > Symmetry (1x); Instruments > Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (1x); Encoding Music > Construct Validity (1x); Data Analysis > Standard Analysis Approaches (1x); Describing data (1x); Statistics > Sampling Distribution (1x); Linear Models (1x); Linear Models > Standardization (1x); Goodness-of-Fit > Theory (1x); Reporting Results > Statistical Tests (1x); Factor Analysis > Medieval Modes (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Dependent tests (1x); Statistical Tests > One-way ANOVA (1x); Statistical Tests > Simple Models Summary (1x)
• variation ratio

  • A measure of the spread of categorical probability distribution: essentially, the proportion of the data which is not the modal category.
  • Introduced in Random Variables > Mode.
  • Used in…

    Random Variables > Mode (5x)
• volunteer bias

  • When a sampling scheme favors data points that “volunteer” to be in the sample. This could be literal humans volunteering to participate in research or something figurative, like if some data points stand out or enter our sample easier than others. Related (conversely) to attrition bias.
  • Introduced in Samples > Sampling Fallacies.
  • Used in…

    Samples > Sampling Fallacies (5x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (1x)

W

• work (musical)

  • Specific identifiable “piece” of music, often named.
  • Introduced in Measuring Music > A Piece of Music.
  • Used in…

    Citation > Why do we cite? (15x); Reporting Results > Reporting (7x); Citation > Topical citations (6x); Scholarly Literature > Types of sources (6x); Questions and Answers > Interest (5x); Citation > Second-hand citations (5x); Citation > Framing citations (5x); Scholarly Literature > Finding literature (5x); Sixty-Three Potholes > research hoarding (5x); Epistemology > Empiricism (4x); Scholarly Literature (4x); Research Publication (4x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Background (4x); Definitions > Scope (4x); Data Analysis > Applied Analysis (4x); Pitfalls of NHST > Multiple Comparisons (4x); Questions and Answers > Originality (3x); Citation > Mantras (3x); Research Publication > Review (3x); Scientific Methods > Experimental variables (3x); Scientific Methods > Manipulation Check (3x); Generalization (3x); Free Response > Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews (3x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #4: Recognizing Failure (3x); Epistemology > Rationality (2x); Grandmother Research > Examples (2x); Grandmother Research > Mantras (2x); Epistephobia > Are you Epistephobic? (2x); Scientific Rhetoric (2x); Scientific Rhetoric > Audience of Peers (2x); Explore Then Test > Hypothesislessness (2x); Citation (2x); Citation > Deceptive citations (2x); Scholarly Literature > Non-scholarly sources (2x); Scholarly Literature > Types of articles (2x); Research Publication > Peer review (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Introduction (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Independent section? (2x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Helping Readers (2x); Write the Paper First > 2. Channeling your enthusiasm. (2x); Write the Paper First > 6. Avoiding repeated IRB applications. (2x); Facts > Piano Keys (2x); Scientific Methods > Types of Studies (2x); Covariates and Control (2x); Constructs > Human Judgement (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Showing You Are Wrong (2x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > Qualitative vs Quantitative (2x); Samples > Defining a population (2x); Samples > Sampling Methods (2x); Samples > Matched Samples (2x); Samples > Convenience (2x); Random Variables > Operational Assumptions (2x); Human Reactivity > A Story (David Huron) (2x); Blind procedures (2x); Human-Research Ethics > IRB (2x); Measuring Music > Measuring “Music” (2x); Describing data > Categorical X Numeric X Numeric (2x); Statistics > US Counties (2x); Linear Models > Categorical Independent Variables (2x); Pitfalls of NHST (2x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #6: Abstractions can be Tested only by Making them Concrete (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > discovery fallacy (2x); Sixty-Three Potholes > hypocrisy (2x); Epistemology > Error (1x); Questions and Answers > Description (1x); Questions and Answers > Too Specific (1x); Epistephobia > Cherished beliefs (1x); Scientific Rhetoric > Prove Me Right (1x); Explanation > Hindsight (1x); Explanation > Post hoc explanation (1x); Explanation > Post-hoc switcheroo (1x); Explore Then Test > The Reserved Dataset (1x); Citation > How to Cite (1x); Citation > Literature in a paper (1x); Scholarly Literature > Skimming (1x); Scholarly Literature > Full Reading (1x); Scholarly Literature > Take-Home Messages (1x); Scholarly Literature > Further Information (1x); Research Publication > Conferences (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Methodology (1x); Anatomy of a Research Paper > Discussion (1x); Write the Paper First (1x); Facts > Assumptions (1x); Facts > Scope of assumptions (1x); Facts > Hedging assumptions (1x); Scientific Methods > Approaches to Scientific Inquiry (1x); Scientific Methods > Observation (1x); Scientific Methods > Correlation (1x); Scientific Methods > Experimental Design (1x); Relating Variables (1x); Covariates and Control > Control (1x); Covariates and Control > Randomization (1x); Covariates and Control > Control groups (1x); Covariates and Control > After-School Music Class (1x); Constructs > Operationalizing a hypothesis (1x); Reductionism > Reductive Measurement (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > A Mutual Disregard (1x); Qualitative and Quantitative Research > In Favor of Qualitative Methods (1x); Generalization > Generalizing versus Universalizing (1x); Generalization > Mantras (1x); Samples (1x); Samples > Correlation with other variables (1x); Samples > Sampling Fallacies (1x); Samples > Sampling Strategies (1x); Quantifying Variables > Discrete vs Continuous (1x); Quantifying Variables > Case: Distances (1x); Measuring Humans > Topical Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Metabolic Measures (1x); Measuring Humans > Neural Measures (1x); Self Report > Open and Closed Questions (1x); Self Report > Priming (1x); Free Response > Interviews (1x); Free Response > The Open Interview (1x); Free Response > Recruiting Participants (1x); Free Response > Hierarchies (1x); Experimental Stimuli > Artificial Stimuli (1x); Human-Research Ethics (1x); Human-Research Ethics > Recruitment (1x); Measuring Music > A Piece of Music (1x); Measuring Music > Measuring Musical Artifacts (1x); Encoding Music > Layers of meaning (1x); Encoding Music > Chroma (1x); Encoding Music > Getting Encodings (1x); Musical Features > Windows (1x); Sampling Music (1x); Sampling Music > Sticky Data (1x); Meta Data > Filenames (1x); Describing data > A story (1x); Statistics > Estimation (1x); Regression to the Mean > Rewards and Punishments (1x); Linear Models (1x); Linear Models > Standardization (1x); Linear Models > Multivariate Relationships (1x); Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (1x); Normal Assumptions > Ordinal Categories (1x); Classification > Precision/Recall/F1 (1x); Effect Size (1x); Power (1x); Pitfalls of NHST > Invisible Multiple Tests (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #1: We Never Prove Anything (1x); Seven Big Ideas > Big Idea #2: Research Invites Failure (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > over-generalization (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > post-hoc hypothesis (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > smorgasbord thinking (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > cohort bias (or cohort effect) (1x); Sixty-Three Potholes > demand characteristics (1x); Statistical Tests > Variable Types (1x); Probability Primer > Independence (1x); Probability Primer > Log probability/likelihood (1x); Writing Best Practices (1x); Writing Best Practices > Active/Passive voice (1x); Writing Best Practices > Citation and References (1x)

X

Y

Z

Shannon, Claude Elwood. 1948. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” Bell System Technical Journal 27 (3): 379–423. https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ebb3a2e5bb0b9271166abcedec2b45f5/nlp.